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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


2.5 
20 

1.8 


■ 

1.25     1.4 

1^^- 

< ' 6"     — 

► 

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Photograplric 

Sdences 

Corporation 


■Z3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7.6)  !7a-4503 


i/.A 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^ 


1^ 


Tschnical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  signivicantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


D 
D 

n 


0 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lar  '.'jre  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  Int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  oela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  tt6  filmies. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduiti^,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


r~~|   Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


Pages  25  to  36  are  repeated. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 


r~~|    Pages  damaged/ 

r*~1    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


r~yi    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Pages  ddcolories,  tacheties  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough> 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


I      I  Pages  detached/ 

rri  Showthrough/ 

rr^  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refUmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  4t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Seminary  of  Quebec 
Library 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArosltA  da: 

Siminaire  de  Quebec 
Bibliothique 


The  Images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legiJillty 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. . 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  4t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at  < 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  iWmi,  at  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  examplaires  originaux  dont  la  couvertura  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  fiimAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  unis  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimAs  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — *-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  synibpies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbole  — *>  signifie  'A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filrned  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
fiimia  6  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciich6.  il  est  fiimA  6  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.en  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  lies  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


( — 


EJ 


SPfiCI] 


num  ra 


\f^\.:'-: 


■J*y 


I 


Improved  Stereotypy  Edition. 


AN 


ABRIDGMENT 


OF 


MURRAY'S     i/^ 

ENGLISH  GRAJftltSJ 


oo^^^AININQ  also 
PUNCTHATIOIL 


,    THE  NOTES  UNDER  RULES  IN  ^A^ 

AND  ^^v, 

LESSONS  IN  PARSING: 

TO  TH.  LATT.R  OF  WHICH  AR,  fKZTlXrc^ 

SPECIMENS   r.LUSXRA,.VE  OP  THAT   EXERCISE,   AN. 

FALSE  SYNTAX  lO  .E  CORRECTED. 

ALL  APPEOPRIATELT  AERANOm 

TO  ALL  WHICH!.      OAPTED 

A  NEW  SYSTEM  OF  QUESTIONS. 

HU««.„co.I,POKX««ocXH.I.l„o.,.KLAHO.I,..„,,„,,,^ 

BY  SAMUEL  PUTNAM. 


NEW  YORK-    I 

D  *  '■  SAI^HEfi  A  CO.  31  BARCI. 


DiaTRKJl  OF  MASSACHIBETTR,  tawitt 

District  Clerk^a  Office. 
•»  .f  »T  RBMEMBERKD,  That  OH  the  foiirth  day  of  January,  A.  D.  \9SA 
m  the  flftj-rtecoiKl  year  of  the  Indepondence  of  the  United  Stated  of 
Ainencju  barauel  Putnam,  of  the  said  district,  has  deposited  in  thi« 
Office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  riglit  whereof  he  claims  as  author  and 
proprietor,  in  the  words  fol lowing,  to  wit : 

"Putnam's  Murray  Improved  Stereotype  Edition.  An  Abridgment 
of  Murray  s  English  Grammar.  Containing  also  Punctuation,  the  Note* 
under  RiUos  m  Syntax,  and  F^essons  in  Pursing:  to  the  latter  of  which 
w-e  prehxed,  ^necimen8  illustrative  of  that  Exercise,  and  false  Synrax 
to  be  corrected  All  appropriately  .wanted.  To  all  wliich  is  adapted 
a  new  System  of  Questions.  From  tlie  Second  Portsmouth  Edition,  en- 
larged and  improved.    By  Samuel  Putnam." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  Siates,  entitled, 
An  Act  lor  the  encouragement  of  iearning,  by  securing  the  copi(«  of  i 
maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  i)ropriett>r8  of  such  copies  ' 
during  the  tunes  therein  mentioned;"  and  also  to  an  act,  entitled,  "-An 
Act  supplementary  to  an  act,  eniiihHl,  An  Act  for  the  encouragement 
of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books,  U)  the 
■uthors  and  pn>prielors  of  sucii  copies  during  the  times  therein  men- 
tioned ;  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  deslKnina 
eogr»Ting,  aud  etching  historicjU  and  oiiwt  j.riuu." 

JiNO    W.  TRAVIS, 
Clerk  vf  tii*  Diatnct  »*  ^tUfeAtmfH; 


f 


I 


The 

Oourag 

lug,  as 

The 

Gramm 

lesson, 

The  J 

beredy  ii 

O'lmber 

sign  of 

and  ava: 

have  an 

As  80] 

mar  in  tl 
ternatel] 
in  such  a 
hajs  been 

tUifCs  of 

The  1.1 

answer ; 

readily  t< 

question. 

This  ei 

prrtant  N 

to  wliicli 

cise,  arrai 

«nar8,  the 

l^pendix, 

ooj»JQn 

to  burden 

|but  indefi 

xercises, 

these  p 


PREFACE. 


9itt 

lerk^s  Office, 
lary,  A.  D.  IWML 
liniltid  Stateii  of 
eposiled  in  thin 
i  as  author  aud 

An  Abridifment 
iJitittij,  the  Notei 
Ijitter  of  which 
lud  fitlse  Syjirax 
rhich  is  adaj)tod 
>uth  Edition,  on- 

S;»ites,  entitled, 
ng  the  copit«  of 

ol'  such  copies 
!t,  entitled, '» An 

encouragement 
id  books,  to  the 
^9  therein  mon" 
s  of  designingi, 

'AVIS, 


oiimbered,  have  nn  rfil^ij'  ^'''  <i"««'.""^  "'""h  a™  »"< 
•i?n  of  whicH  t^  ?rnl,  .?™"  •^''  "■«  P-'g*  ;  the  de- 
and  avail  himself  „?  hi  ?^  ""'  P^P''  ^  think  for  himself  , 
l»™  any  at  co™;„a„r  '"™  "'"""'"''  "  »»»»  as  ho  shall 

tcrnately  si^ce^^uTl„°l    'I*'^  questions  and  answers  al- 

in  such  a  form  w3  te  t,  .  "'  ""'*  "'■  '*  =''°"""'  """  ^"« 
ha^  been  n.ade  bv  thp  h„I,>  """^"■^'tly  read,  the  attempt 

«.;j^:;ranS'';hr::?r?nrer„v;Kt:^^^^ 

read.^y_to  iearn  the  <^t..,T^^^}  STttZt^':, 

a^rt^'t  Nvitt'ln'MurrTv' s  ?  '^"'""?«>»."' '"«'  'ho  most  h„. 
ci»e,  arranffed^n    ;lir  f'P"'"'"?"^  ■llustrative  of  that  exo?: 

'SSTo'th""  ""  "■"  ™'«3inXa;fn"  '"tS 
i*burr„  h"smMwX'"°"*l ''•**/'''"'  P"P"^as  l^ 
but  indeLI  ely  u„d"  stoodlS'  "{P'Tf^"''  which  are 
tiercisos,  he  is  „hlS  ,„  '  ?  ' ''''®"  ho  comes  to  tli* 
^f  these  ^riL.;  ;""';:Hi°  lerfc  «'  "">  »amo  time,  n,a„y 
r    s>  wi-i.,„,  „jr  wciiig  coniouncied  with  on* 


•  prefack. 

n.e„t  of  exerc,™,,  that  the  3k  ^^tn'^hH  anTfw 
As  many  scholars  never  uve  any  other  than  th«  ohn- 

unavoidable,  m  consequence  of  the  lar^e  addition  nf^kS 
exercses,  notes,  and  punctuation.  ^  ''"  °^  ^H 

Ihis  edition  includes  all  the  former  editinn«  ««,!  ;«  ♦u 

gether  new.  Every  new  system  will,  without  douh*  '«  I 
T.'VT  "^"^  'H*^ valuable  views  '  Cwhelher'.rJ 
U^e  whole,  any  single  system  can  at  preslT  be  fo Td  ' 

bo  a"  '^'^^  ""'  ^"^"W  ^«'''««%.  is  greatly  l^ 


icTid  V 

hi 

ftAi'in 

ttikay  I 


An  I 

Maaii 

OllTi 

[ers  of 
«  >r(]s. 

[of  a  WO] 

Tlie 
\ed  (4)  1 

buinber. 


•  Orgai 


and  rnypteriouA, 
nrt  to  be  appre- 
relations.     The  i 
1  one  thing  at  a 
5  shall  be  in  m.  \ 
which  his  nnn»j  i 
resent  arranc-ii 
he  shall  IuTt* 
•me  acquainted! 
ceeds  to  anoth- 
_^'h  the  Syntax, 
inciples. 
Iian  the  cheap! 
•rtant  that  such 
[1  the  neces8a< 

isable  i,o  make 
it  any  material 
ise  have  been 
ddition  of  the] 

•ns,  and  in  the 
ienced,  should  I 

bandon  Mur- 
^ements  alto 
ut  doubt,  pie 
I'hether,  upor 
nt  be  found 
s  in  learnine 
's  trreaiiy  tx 


t^xNGLlSH  GRAMxMAR. 


Enol,8„  Grammar  i,  (.)  the  art  of  sneakb. 
-    w„t,„g  the  English  language  with  p^J^ 
sdmded  .„to  i^)  four  parts,  vi^.  (>{oLol 
lAi'Lv  i!.TVMOLo«v.  SvNTAx  and  Prosodj. 


ORTHOGRAPHY, 

LKTTERS. 


Ci 


An  articulate  gouiid  is  (i)  the  son..,!  «»  a 
';aa„  voice,  formed  by  the  o  gans  of  "peech  • 

-  of  letters   and  <W      W  *^"^t'"e  and  pow- 
,rds.  '  ***  •*""'  ""^"'°dt  of  8pelli,;g 

of  i'woT  "  ^'^  '^^  *'^*  P™«P'«.  o'  'east  pm 

i  ?r£''?*.?''f'"^«'*-"">?ue  teeth.  linsTIT" 


/* 


ENOUSil  GRAMMAR. 


The  following  is  abut  of  the  Roman  and 


j  ! 


ROMAN. 
Cap  Sii«U. 

A      a 


B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

P 

Q 

R 
S 
T 
U 
V 


b 
c 
d 
e 
f 

g 
h 

1 

i 

1 

m 
n 
o 

P 

q 

r 
s 
t 
u 

V 


W  w 

X  X 

y  y 

Z  7 


ITALIC. 
Cap.  Small 

A     a 


B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
G 
H 
I      i 

J     J 
K    k 

L     I 
M    m 


b 
I 
d 
e 

f 

g 
h 


N 
O 
P 

R 

S 
T 
U 
V 

w 

X 
Y 

7. 


n 

0 

P 

9 
r 

8. 

t 
u 

V 

to 

X 

y 


Italic  Ckaraetorti 
NAMEl 

ai 

bee 

see 

dee 

ee 

jee 
aitck 
i  or  eye 
jay 
kay 

em 
en 

0 

pee 

cue 

ar 

ess 

tee 

ti  01  yau 

vee 

double  n 

eks 

wy 


^. 


I 


ORTHOGRAPHY.  • 

formed  (vithout  the  id;l'r^5  S.rioSr'' •'* 
.  S  V        ''  ^  >  "'"  "'  *'  •'  ^.  ".  -^d  "ometime. 

caifnoft"""!;-  ''!.^'^  ''"  "^'■""•'"^  sound,  which 

rowel  •  t  'bT'fl  ""'^r'^.^^^hout  the  h^lp  of  2 

press  them'  fiy'.^'  ''  ^''"=''  '•'=1"''«  vowels'toe* 

W^and  y  are  consonants  (^)  when  fh^v  K«  • 

re;Veva?'''-^--/^er4Sr? 

ou/'thpI!!f  f""'  ■'"I'"'*  ^'^  ^"'""''^'l  «'  «/'  with 
out  tlie  aid  of  a  vowel.     Thev  aw  na\  a       ,   j 

*,  and  c  and  ff  hard.  ^         ^    ^  *'  ^'  ''  "^ 

(  *)  The  Semi-voweh  have  an  imnerfect  .«..„.< 
of  themselves.  Thev  are  (H-)  f  I  ,  P*'"*'^*  ^ound 
and  c  and  j?  softj     ^       ^    ^  •'^' '' '"' "' ""' "' «'  ^. «. 

Tom  of  the  semi-vowels,  namelv   C"^  /  m  « 
r,  are  also  distinguished  by'the  n  ^io/  1:^^"' 

^ror.o«.eed  b/a  si-U  Im  .r  ^tl  eToirZ 
«o  in  beat,  OM  m  sound.  *>^'*-e,a», 

^ronou^nced  ,n  like  manner ;  as,  eau  h  ber„:S 


}  For  the  distinction  botwoen  the  nrfur,.  .nl  tt,. 
»f^.  consonant .«,«   Murray's   Grl^rff^VJ^' *"~ 


i  i 


'  ENGLISH     GRiMMAlU 

A  Proper  Diphthong  is  (W)  thai  in  ,vhich  both 
the^vowds  are  sounded  ;^a.,  o^  in  ^^oic^c^t 

votZ!"'^''T\  ^^'P^'^^«»^  n  I^«s  but  one  of  the 
'Z       '^"''^*^^  '  ^''  "«  i"  «^g»^»  ' «  in  boat 
^rr/TI"-'-     *;  ^^^^  ''  '^^  articulate  sounds    2  AVhal 

fhn  \T.,*     T       ^"-  r "ware  consonants  divided'  11   Can 

SYLLABLES. 

A  SYLLAI.LE  is  (1)  a  sound,  eithersiraple  or  com- 
po;in<led,  proiiounced  by  a  single  impulse  of  X 
vo,ce,  and  coustituti„g»-a  word,  orpart  of  a  wo  d 

Spelling?  is  (9)  the  art  of  rightly  divid.r,.  u<>i,ls 
;^^to  their  syllables  j  or  of  exprt^ssiu;;  a  vvord  bv 
i»s  pjoper  letters.  ^ 

^a^^c^n*,     1  What  is  a  Syllable  f  2.  What  .s  SpelUnj ' 

WORDS, 

^'.»RDs  are  (i)  articulate  sounds,  used,  t y  rom. 
airii^onsent,  as  signs  of  our  ideas. 

•  Constitutmg^ma\i'ing,  or  forming.  ' 


1  .vhich  boib 
^^oice,  ou  in 

Mit  one  of  the 
in  boat 

ijnd?  8  AVhal 
tter?  4.  What 
d?  5.  How  are 
l»  are  the  vow- 
the  vowels  do 
f-  When  are  lo 
^liy  f  VViiut  is 
*  What  is  it  in 
Wedi'  11.  Can 

a  vowel  ?  12. 
I  use  in  soiind- 
Is?  N.  Name 
e  seini-vovvela 
ithorifT  p  How 
answer  ?  Can 

diphthong's  ? 
^oiir  last  an- 
Jontain  triph 
^ow  many  in 

Diphthong? 


pie  or  com-i 
ilse  of  the 
of  a  word  j 

tnijT  words 
word  bv 

IS  Spelling  ? 


1, 1  y  t^oin* 


ETYMu;.OGV.  ^ 

A  word  of  one  syllable  is  termed*  «)  a  monr- 
iylhible;  a  word  of  two  syllables,  (^)  '  ^ZT 
able;  a  word  of  tbree  ^yllables^  V  a  titvlfi 

ftfluced  to  any  simpler  wonl  in  tlie  language  •  aa. 
im7i,  good,  cmteiU.  'o""o«  .  M| 

E  '        -^  '  S"""^"**'.  co«/e«/m«i^,    York. 

».J4?J/ww;'w7„^  ''T''r    ^''^'  »""  of  a  wmd  i. 
V'f    »vny.'    What  sort  of  a  word  is  ^ea?  Why? 

ETYMOLOGY. 
The  seoond  part  of  Grammar  is  ErvMOLoor- 
which  treatst  of  (i)  the  different  sorts  7  words' 
the,    various  modifications,!  and  their  der  valfon  I 

N..™.-  u/e  Vf..r.  Te  fc.t;rtr  vL"b' 

"id  the  Interjection.  *  ^*iu« 

Questions      1    Of  what  does  EtymoWv  treat  '  2    H  - 


Dm  ny 


*  Termed- — callnd  *  'r      .  „       I 

to  their  sourco  :     ius  ,S,  J /^''"'"""'"-Ifacmg  them 
. /•  .      "*«-"»     -.US,  mams  the  snnrcA  urhc^n/.^  ,..~  j :._- 


!;i| 


l!i  f- 


!  N 


h ! 


10 


ENGLISH  GKAMaUR. 


1.  An  Article  is  (i)  a  word  prefixed*  to  suIk 
stJintives,  to  point  them  out,  and  to  show  how  fai 
their  signiticationt  extends  ;J  as,  a  garden,  oM 
eagle,  /Ac. woman.  ' 

Qutnions.    1.  What  sort   of  a  word   is  ai  Articl. 
n  aat  words  m  your  last  answer  are  articles  ? 

2  A  Sttbstantive  or  Noun  is  (i)  the  name  of 
my  tiling  that  exists,  or  of  which  we  have  vax 
Hc*  311 ;  as,  London^  man,  virtue, 

/» Substantive  may,  in  general,  be  distinffuished  (^)  hv  its 
making  sense  of  itself,  or  with  the  word  the  before  it ;  as 
temperance.,  industry,  diastity  ;  the  book,  the  sun,  the  ap 

question.    1.  What  is  a  Noun?    2.  How  else  may  a 
.joun  be  distinguished  ?    What  part  of  speech   is  book  f 

[It  v/ill  be  well  for  tho  Teacher  here  to  lay  aside  the 
iTrammar,  and  turn  to  some  familiar  reading^Iesson,  and 
let  uis  scholar  select  the  Nouns,  giving  his  reasons  whv 
he  calls  theni  such,  till  he  shall  be  able  to  do  it  with  facil 
£ty  The  same  course  may  be  pursued  with  the  other 
^arts  oi  speech.] 

3,  An  Adjective  is  {})  a  word  added  to  a  sub- 
sta:Uive,  to  express  its  quality;  as,  an  indmtilom 
man,  a  virtvoiis  woman. 

An  Adjective  may  be  known  (2)  by  its  making  sense 
with  the  addition  of  the  word  thing  ;  as,  a  good  thinij,  a 
jadVaxwg-  or  of  any  particular  substantive;  as,  a  sweti 
ftpple,  a  peasant  prospect. 

Qiiescwns.  1  What  is  ar  Adjective  ?  9  Hw  else 
?"i^  5  «  adjective  be  distinj'uished  ?  What  part  of  Bf«eec 
mbadf    Why?  Wh^i'msweetf  Why?  ^ 

4.  A  Pronoun  is  (i)  p,  word  used  instead  oft 
!,  ,^,  «'vai  Liii;  ivw  iiC4uciii  Rfpeunon  oi  tti< 

!£r*'^^''^""P'^*^'''^  before.        t  Signijimtionr-me^n'mi 
t  Thus  n  mnn  sirnifies  /?nw  man  :  the  man,  one  particu 
imrm»sii  man,  leaving  out  the  wticio,  signifies  oL'  men. 


xed*  to  suIk. 
how  how  fai 
t  garden,  oM 

»  aL  Article! 

a? 

the  name  of 
^e  have  any 

ished  (2)  by  its 
:  before  it ;  as, 
le  sun,  the  ap^ 

V  else  may  a 
Bch  is  book? 

lay  aside  the 
ig'Iesson,  and 
I  reasons  why 
'  it  with  facil 
ith  the  othet 

?d  to  a  sub- 
indushlom 

tiaking  sense 
^ood  thing,  a 
;  as,  a  sweei 

?  H:w  else 
ut  of  Bi-eeei 

istead  of  i 
tion  of  itii 

1 — meaning 
one  particu 
!s  aU  men. 


ETYMOLOGY, 


11 


lame  word ;  as  The  man  is  happy ;  he  i.  bene*^ 
pit.nt ;  he  is  useful. 

questions     1    What  is  a  Pi  onoun  ?  WI 
/li^teadof  what  noun  is  it  njsed?   Ren 
*^.njr  uie  nom  only.  ,  *^ 

5.  A  Verb  is  (i)  a  word  wh^ 
to   DO,   or  to   SUFFER ;    as,    I 
rulsd, 

A  Verb  may  be  distinguished  (2) 
With  one  of  the  following  pronouns 

THOU,    HE,  SHE,    WE,  YOU,    Or   THEYj'ur   W 

oetore  it ;  as,  I  walk,  he  plays,  they  wrft 
10  play,  to  write.  ^ 

What  18  niU  t    Why  ?    What  is  am  ruui  ?    Whv  >    a 

":/i"''^,?yr''  ^*""'"'  ■«  •""'-s-bw.'  wLt  i 

«  Li^"  ^"7.""^  (')  apart  of  speech  joined  to 

Lv,lh'  r  "'•'"'*"'*'  '^'"^  ««»etimes  to"'  another 
adveib,  to  express  some  quality  or  circumstanpp 
respect  ng  it;  as,  He  rids  Im;  TiZ^gZ 
man  ;  he  wntes  very  correctly,  ^  s     " 

V'hv'f'o'"-,,  '•  '^"^^'"  '"  »»  Advorb'    What  is  JeH  ; 

7.  Prepositions  serve  (i)   to  connect   words 

hveenT/"°*'''V"''  '"  ^^ow  the  relation  C 
h^een  them;  a.,,  He  went>om  London  to  'ioAt 
|he^  „We  disguise;  They  are  su^poned  b^t 

»..  HKu,  „,„,  0,  ,„,„ ,  ls,witrS,?„?LV';ra;  S 

f^iM«ons.     t.  For  what  do  Prepositions  servo  '  2  H,.- 
Bi»y  a  preposjtioT,  bo  iuiown?  What  is  4»  /why  ? 


,i     I 


12 


i-i' 


I  i 


ENGLISU  GRA31M aR. 


8.  4  Conjunction  ,s  (i)  a  part  of  speech  that 
ts  chiefly  used  to  connect  sentences,  so  as  out  of 
two  or  more  sentences  to  make  but  one  •  (8)  it 
sometimes  connects  only  words ;  as,  Thou  and 
^e  are  happy,  because  you  are  good:  Two  sutd 
•Jbiee  are  five-  &,««♦» 

Quf^tiims  1.  What  is  a  Conjunction  ?  2.  Does  it  al. 
TlLTwh/r"''""''  Wimtisiecu.....    Why?  Wh.t 

9.  LxTERJECTioNs  are  (i)  words  thrown  in  b*v 
tween  the  parts  of  a  sentence,  to  exprtss  the  pa* 
sions  or  emotions  of  the  speaker  j  as,  O  virtue  ' 
how  amiable  thou  art !  7      >  uc 

question.    1.  What  are  Interjections? 

AUTICLE. 

..  ^°  ^'T'''''^  ''  ^  '^'''^  prefixed  to  substantives. 

to  point  them  out,  and  show  how  far  their  siffnifi 

catiou^extends ;  as,  a  garden,  an  eagle,  the  woinaa. 

In  English,  there  are  but  (i)  two  articles,  (9)  a 

'mdthe;  «  becomes  an  (3)  before  a  vowel,  and 

oefore  a  silent  A;  as,  an  acorn,  an  hour;  but  if 

he  h  be  sounded  the  a  only  is  to  be  used :  a«,  a 

hand,  a  heart,  a  highway.  '      ' 

,    (^)  A  or  an  is  styled*  the  Indefinite  Article :  u 

IS  used  in  a  yaguet  sense,  to   point  out  a    sinde 

taing  of  the  kind,  in  other  respects  indeterminate 

as,  Give  me  a  book;  Bring  me  an  apple. 

The  is  called  the  Definite  Vrticle,  because  it  a* 
.  ertains  what  particular  thing  or  things  are  meant. 
.s.  Give  me  the  book;  Bring  me  the  apples;  mea,.! 
insf  some  bnot   nr  oT>r.i«„   „,.r. i  .  ^^      '         " 

•'  -       7   "•    "j-fl'iiin,   iCiCilCU   lO. 


A  substantive,  without  an  article  to  limit  it 
generally  taken  (5)  in  its  widest  ^ 


M 


sense:    as,  A 


'  Sty  ted — called. 


I 


«^''we---in»ie;initai 


speech  that 

so  as  out  of 

one ;   (8)  it 

,  Thou  and 

;  Two  lutd 

I  Does  it  «i 
Why  ?  Wiiat 

rown  in  b*^ 
tss  the  paa- 
>   O  virltte ' 


BTYMOLOGYi 


13    • 


ibstantives. 
leir  signifi. 
he  womaa. 
icles,  (9)  a 
'ovvel,  and 
ur;  but  if 
sed ;  as,  a 

i^rticle:  u 
a   single 
ermiuate 

ause  it  a» 
re  meant, 
es;  meaii- 

imit  it,  is 
3Jnii«i 


I' 


>tticles.     5    In  X^«„n!!-*^      *^»''"  out  some  indefiniu 
".ini>le.'    Why  *'  ''''°'  """•  ""«»»>  »  th. 

SUBSTAi\TIVE. 

IS,  LmtJun,  man,  virtue.  ^  "ouon 

Substantives  are  (S)  either  Puoper  or  Common 
i'ro^^.r  names,  or  substantives,  are  (3)  tJjenaT.; 

Proper  mmen  always  begin  with  .  capital  letter 
Cmnmm  names,  or  substantives,  stand  for  kind, 
(*)   containing  many  sorts,  or  for  sorts  contain 
■Wny  individuais  under  them  j  as,  IZ!^ 

Common  names  begin  with  a  small  letter, 
and  Case  ;  and  they  are  all  of  the  th  rd  person 
spoken    to ;    as,   fiimm^,  attend   us   on    everv 

SL?:frf''''''^^-''-^'»--'«-'?^ 

WT,;  .'"&,'::;:,""'■  "'•'«  '•'"''  "<■ « noun-is  Ge;rV;i 

"ny     '';;nt  out  some  proper  substantives    4   r„/,..i  f  j 
/       now  many  m  your  last  answer  ?   5.  What  belong 


a 


*  •^PJfropriattdr-^iyen 


n 


ENGLISH    jKAMKAR. 


Ii!i! 


iHii 


in 


iiiii 


I  -Mi 


?'  Ji^^^^'^t'^eb  ?  6.  When  are  they  all  o!  the  third  perfon. 
7-  When  of  the  second  ?  What  person  is  blessini-s,  io  UkS 
example  >  Winy  .-'  What  person  is  children  f  Whv  ^ 

GENDER. 

Gender  is   (i)  tlie  distinction  of  nouns  wlt^ 
Ic^gard  to  sex.     There  are  (^)  three  geuders,  ^^^ 
Ihe  MASCULINE,  the  Fkvvinine,  and  the  Neutfr 

The  Masculine  gender  denotes  (*)  males  j  a&, 
a  man,  a  horse,  a  hull. 

The  Feminint  gender  denotes  (*)  females ;  as, 
I  woman,  a  duck,  a  hen. 

The  Neuter  gender  denotes  («)  objects  which 
are  neither  males  nor  females  ;  as,  afield,  a  haiue, 
u  "arden. 


be 


pNouns  which  are  either  masculine  or  feminine,  may 
p«  led  Common  gender ;  as,  a  bird,  a  child,  a  friend.] 

Some  substantives,  naturally  neuter,  (')  are, 
^y  a  figure  of  speech,  converted*  into  the  mascu- 
line of  feminine  gender ;  as  when  we  say  or  the 
r  un,  he  is  setting,  and  of  a  ship,  she  sails  well,  &c. 

The  English  language  has  (**)  three  methods 
if  distinguishing  the  sex,  viz. 


1 .  By  ditierent  words  j  as. 


Mrth. 

Female. 

Male. 

Biichelor 

maid 

Hushand 

Boy 

girl 

Lord 

Brother 

Bister 

Man 

Buck 

doe 

Master 

Drake 

Earl 

queen 

duck 

countosa 

Nephew 
Singer 

Father 

mother 

Son 

^■nar 

nun 

Stag 

Gander 

goose 

Uncle 

Hart 

roe 

Wizard 

Femalt 

wife 

lady 

woman 

mistress 

niece 

songstrese 

or  sini^or 

dauffhtor 

hind 

aunt 

witch 


Comerted — changed. 


ETTiMOLOGY. 


9.  By  difference  of  termin- 
j^**  Female.  Male 

I  f  ^*  a^l>e88  Host" 

.  V"'  •  .  actress  Lion 

*dminigtrator  adniinistralriy  Marquia 
Jmba,.8ador     ambassadress   Master 
yi^iter  arbitress  Mayor 

^-^/jn  baroness  vZl 

^ridc^roont     bride  Poet 

rfen(!(actor       benefactress     Priest       ' 


Id 


Chanter 

Conductor 

C^ount 

Duke 

t^loctor 

S^niperor 

f^xecutor 

^xovernor 

fieir 

Hero 

Hunter 


ciiantross 

conductress 

countess 

duciiess 

eloctress 

empress 

executrix 

governess 

Heiress 

heroine 

huntress 


Prince 

Prior 

Prophet 

Protector 

Shepherd 

Songster 

Tiger  / 

Traitol-^ 

Tutor 

Votary 

Widower 


Female 

hoftess 

lioness 

marchioni 

mistress 

mayoress 

patroness 

poetess 

priestess 

princess 

prioress 

prophetess 

protectress 

shepherdess 

sonirstress 

tigress 

traitress 

tutoress 

votaress 

wridow 


A  hen-sparrow 
A  maid- servant 
A  she-goat 
A  female-child 


A  cock-sparrow 
A  man-servant 
A  ho -goat 
A  male-child 


?->nHer  denote  >   5  Fen  nin.  ,'"".,<""«''    the    Masculine 

«ti,ntives  naturally  neuter  p   r,V        '•"  "'"'  "^  ""'"'■  "!> 
by  .  %«re  of  speech /Sl;V'l.tf^;^:[  U  !    T '"^ 

N?  the  sex/  wilJ't  fc  f--^^"^'"' :-?^^^«"^^^«^i"^^^^ 
aa,  .strxehiSL  way:    teucond  P    Third? 

NT7MBER. 

«  on?:rJr/^  *'  consideration  of  an  obj.« 


IC 


iiitij! 


i  I 


iili 


I!    '  ,  I     . 


I     t 


CNGlJbri  GKAMMAH. 


SuDstantives  are  of  (2)   two  numbers,  (^)  the 
BiNouLAii  aud  Plural.  »  W  '« 

The  Singular  number  expresses  (^]  but  one  ob 
)e/:t  i  as,  a  c/mtr,  a  table, 

vrth  tne  word  one  before  it ;  as,  one  chair,  one  table. 

The  Plural  number  sin^uifies  .6)  more  obiictfi 
iliun  one ;  as,  chairs,  tables. 

J!ilVJ''''''\  ""'"^.'^^ /«  known  T)  by  its  making  genua 
with  the  word  TWO  before  it;  as,  two  chairs,  two  Fable/ 

'  Some  nouns,  (8)  from  the  nature  of  the  things 
wnch  they  express,  are  used  only  in  the  siuLndar, 
others  only  m  the  plural  form;  as,  «•//,,«/,  pitch] 
yvld,  sloth,  pnde,  \c,  and  bellows,  scissors,  lumjs, 
rirhesj  &c.  ^       J  f 

Some  words  are  the  same  in  both  numbers  •  as 
ieer,  sheep,  smne,  &c.  '      ' 

The  plural  number  of  nouns  is  generally  formed 
(  )  byaddmgsto  the  singular;  as,  dov^,  c^ov^-* , 
lace,  faces ;  thcmght,  thoughts.  But  when  the 
simstantive  singular  ends  in  x,  ch,  sh,  or  sh,  we 
add  es  m  the  plural;  as,  box,  boxes;  church, 
churches;  lash,  lashes;  kiss,  kisses. 

Nouns  ending  in/ or /e  are  generally  rendt  red* 
plural  by  the  change  of  those  terminationsl  into 
m- ;  as  loaf, /offrc*;  wife,  xrives.  Those  which 
end  in  /have  the  regular  plural ;  as,  ruff,  rufs. 

Such  as  have  y  in  the  singular,  with  no  ofnei 
vo^vel  jn  the  same  syllable,  change  it  into  ies  ic 
tte  plural;  as,  beauty,  beauties;  t^y,  flies ;  hv^ 
the  y  is  not  changed  when  there  is  another  y-is^^d 
m  the  syllable;  as,  key,  keys;  delay,  duays. 


1 
I. 


T«ri 


bora  have  nouns?    3.  Wh 


''o''\Jl  ^""''"^^^  •'    S.  Urn  many  num 


Singular  number  expre 


at  are  they  ?    4.  What  dfn.s  thf 


ss  ?   5.  How  is  it  known  ?  ti.  Wha* 


•  Rendered— mude  t  Tervunations-^ndiiiiga, 


n  .1  tv.  i3 

Tf 

it  lis 

a     (9^ 

assist 

u    r~\. 

•*:tym  )L)Gr. 


n 


Jrs,  (3)  the 
3ut  one  ob 

%e  tablt. 
)rc  objifctfi 

aking  senue 
'wo  tables 

the  thiugs 
e  singular, 
eaty  pitchy 
iorSf  lungs^ 

[ibers;  as, 

lly  formed 
^'^,  (/oves , 
kvheii  the 
or  *9,  we 
r    church, 

"end(  red* 
ions'!  i"to 
se  which 

no  ofnei 
nto  ic3  iz2 
??<?« ;  bu^ 
ler  ^uw'el 
lays, 

lany  num 
.t  d^/tis  thf 

?  e.  Whdi 

ondi.iga. 


tfoee  the    Plural  siVnifv  ?    7    Hr»u/  ;<>  ;*  i  ^    « 

in  .l.e  plural  .=  Vf.at:„t"ti.o.Vu'ir-^  Wh""'l'""^ 

M  to  say  one  sheep,  two  shaeps,  three  sheen,  &c  /\l  [.?* 
■  How  .a  ll,e  plural  number  of  nouns  g'irMv  fornmi 

It  plural       Why  P    into  w^a,'  h'^'^  '"  'V  "^'""  ''^^^^  '"^^^ 
^ey?  Why:  ^  "^  "^^  ^''^  ^"'■^"  '^^«  plural  of 

CASE. 

In  English,  substantives  have  (M  three  cases 
the  NOM...X.VE,  the  Possessive,  UdtfiXE^: 

The  Nomlmtim  case  simply  expresses  (»)  the 
;iame  of  a  thing,  or  the  sub  ect  of  the  verb  •  al 
Tlie  %  plays ;  The  ylrls  learn.  '     '» 

1  he  Pmmfye  case  expresses  (3)   the  relation 

nop  le  with  the  letter  *  com  ns  after  if  as  TIip 
.,A„fc,,du,y;  My /aMc.r',s  house.  '      '  ^''* 

<,-.itL"-T  !!"■'  P'"'"'  ^"'''*  "'  *'  *e  other  ,  is 
u.itted    biil  the  apostrophe  is  retained;  as,  Ou 
(»)  eaglef  vv.ngs ;  The  drapers^  company       ' 

F  ,  JV"'   ''«,''P°«t^''Pl""  »  is  not  added;  es 

Tlf  m*'  •*'"''  J-of "y'"-'<»»"m'  sake. 

»r  «    io^r'T  'T  'r'^P^'*^*-'''  (*)  ll'e  object  of 

a    'nt^'rh   „  ,"  "*'"""'  ''"''  generally  il!.,w, 
«    \  ;   verb   active,  or   a   nrpnncJf.'^^ .    :^     r  ; 

a«u.ts  CWto^ey  live  m  ^.0,;^^^      ""'   """"' 

a- 


Il 


18 


|l:i!:i    I 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


Enorli^h  substantives  are  declined  in  the  follow 
tag  manner' 


jyominative  Case 
Png-sessive  Case 
Objsctive  Case 

MomiTMtivB  Case 
Possessive  Case 
Objective  Case 


Siriffvlar. 
A  iiioth^r. 
A  niothor's. 
A  mother. 

Siuirufar. 
The  man. 
Tiio  man's 
TJie  man. 


Plural 

MoiheiB. 
Mothers' 
Mothers, 

Plural. 
The  men 
The  men's 
TJie  men. 


questions,     1.  How  many   Cases   have    nouns  in-Pn 

i^r'ess^Wh-eh"-     ',•  ^^'-V^'-tl.e  ^^>rSv"case 
exanml«  P  \    w^  TV^^  ""7  ^^^  nominative  cases  in  the 
example?    3.  What  does  the  Possessive  case  express  "4 
How  is  It  written?    Which   are  the   possessive^oases  in 
the  example  ?    Why  ?    5.  How  would  you  write  the  no« 
Bessive  ease  of  eagles?    /^-«/^^/-^ -^     TUC'    Ho/ j " 

9  WhaV„art;Yf-        ^»^«/he    Objective   case   express? 
y.  What  parts  of  speech  does  it  generally  follow  ?  What 

ZZtr  '.a"  "^J^'T    '^'''  ^'^    he  exan.ple?  ■  Why 
Decline  tnother.     Spell  the  nouns  in  each  case  inH  Z\\ 
where  tiie  apostrophe  is  placed.  '  ^®" 

Jfouns  to  be  declined. 

Write  (or  spell)  in  the  nominative  case  plural  the  follow 
ing  nouns:    apple,  plum,  orange,  bush,  tree    nlantrfil 

W;irT"^^^^^""^"^'^^^^^^'P^"tube;a;ce  '  '  '  "^"^ 
Plural  crt^  ?iTu^  substantives  in  the  nominative  case 
p  ural  cry,  fly,  cherry,  fancy,  glory,  duty,  bov  ftillT 
play,  hly,  toy,  conveniency.  ^     ^'      ^'     ^'  '*  "^' 

tar  bov  ^iTrl^'^^Z '"^  "''""', '?  ^^^  VosBessive  case  singu 
tyVsiste^lel:"'""'^"'"'^'^^*'^  ^^^>  ^^^'«^»  J-««>»>el« 

■hi^/'*®  iV^®  ^°"°T^'!?  ^'^  the  nominative  case  plural :  loaJ 
S^lt'liff  "''^'^^^^'''^^  wife,  stofl-,  wol?  half;  SS, 

M  ^h  !m  *^°  ^°"«w^ng  >n  tt  e  possessive  case  plural :  brctli 
«,  child,  man,  woman,  foot,  tooth,  ox,  Luso,  plZ. 
I jj 

«.«!wi'®  *^®  fallowing  ncans  in  the  nominative  a  id  po» 
■essive  cases  plurM:  wife,  chief,  die,  staff,  city,  riSe? 
pi-oof,  archer,  master  c.ut<:h,  tooth,  mouth,  bakoird  S 


ETYMOLOGT  |9 

EXERCISES  IN  PARSING 

Article  and  Substantive. 

attest  ions.     What  part  of  speech  is .  ?• 

^ARTICLE.    Why?    (see  p.  10.)    Kind'    («,  p.  «.) 


A  bush 

A  tree 

A  flower 

An  apple 

An  almond 

A  house 

The  fields 

Tiie  rainbow 

The  clouds 

The  scholar's  duty 

George 


A  prince 

The  Humber 

The  Pope 

The  Grocer's  Co. 

Etirope 

The  pons 

The  jrirl's  school 

The  laws 

Beauty 

The  continent 

TJie  Cajsars 


exfrcLes  that *l?oll'^"'''*'*'"!  ^^'  H^''^"^'  ^"  *^»«««  '^"^  th« 
exercises  that  follow,  are  too  minute  to  be  used  a  loni. 

time  without   becoming  tedious,  it  will  be  expedien     S 
omit  them  as  soon  as  they  shall  have  answere^d  the  ob 
iefinUion.^"^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^-"^-  -th  the  etymlgi:^ 

the^fonowi!!^'  '''''''^;"^  '^''^'^''^'  ^"^  P^^««  ^<^<^«'ding  to 

SPECIMEH 

A  bush. 
Bi.sh  is  a  common  noun,  of  the  neuter  render    thJr^ 
^rson,  singular  number,  and  nominative  /as!  '    ^ 

ADJECTIVE. 
An   Adjective  is  (i)   a  word  added  to  a  sub- 
•teLtive  to   express   ,ts   cjuality;    as.   An   ivdv*. 
mow  man;    A  mrtimis    woman?    a    a.«,...^,„- 

In  English,  the  adjective  is  not  varied  on  ac- 
*  ilere  insert  the  word  to  bo        «>d 


li 


Mi*i 


^:!! 


10 


ENGLISH  fiKAM  I  Aft. 


fount  of  orender,  number,  or  casP  Ti 

A  careless  boy ;    Cr^rele^ ^''  ^^^"^  ^^  ^^r. 
lli«  only  variation  which  it  admits  is-f^N  fl  .. 
0/  the  degrees  of  comj)arison.  '  ^  ^  ^^**^ 

Ihere  are  commonly   reckoned  (^\  iU         i 

rees  of  comparison-   ^\  thp  P  ^  ^    i^''*^  *^^ 
-»riVE,  and  btPKuiMTivE.  '  ^'>MP..a- 

»s,  good,  wise,  ffreat.  ^  °'  d-miuutior, ;» 

(  )   The   Cumjmralive  degree  in(>rf.a«»c  «-  i 

«"W,  greatest,  least  ^Mse!  ""''  '''^^''^'^J  ^' 

perlative  by  addino-   m^J,    ^^  ^^  *  ^'^^  ^^^^  su- 
t-  nc    „,•  ^  a"«mg  (")   sf  or  est  to  the  end  of 

be  or     t,.,  ,,.,,,^.^^  ,U '«-  -^  -  ;  P'ace.1 
wse,  mwe  wise,  mos(  wise.  '      ' 

Monosrtlables,  for  ttie  nino  ^a-f 
H  bv  er  or  ^«/      „„  j  j-     ?,  ,  J""^''  *■■«  compar- 
er../fas    mil<f  ,;,7/      •^'■':^y"»''''■^  by  m»,«  Ld 

•>=  Te,  nu,st ;  and  a  few  oti.er«  '  "^"^^ 


ETYMOLOQT. 


21 


Imlfh    ^^'"'^'ii*  ^"""  the  superlative?     10    VVha  \    'I 
Have  the  same  plf.irt  ?    VV'fiv  Jq  ,.,;/ /  *"•   *vnai  \  jM 

WHY  ?    \vu,    i    "'  V".     *^,'»}  '8  w/"/rf  compared   n  the  fir» 

^ajectives  to  he.  comparrd. 

Compare  the  foUowin.T  adirpiivo^  •  fni-    —       l      i 

fa;?,  »hor.,  tall.  wiU.  doeprSg  ;«"    ricfZat^^'' 

iigjHnt.  industrious,  porploxiiKr  *  "^» 

EXERCISES  IN  PARSING. 

^rt.?r/e,  ,'iajective^  „,nd  Suhstantive 
parrfo."^'^^^^^^^  ^"d    substantive  agreeably  to  ncte  o. 

^/A.5/?^5.     What  pan  of  speech  is ? 

wt!?if/i;Z.^-,.»'"^^    (-    page    .0.)    Co™,.„e    J. 


A  better  world. 
A  ?0(id  heart 
Shady  trees 
A  frao-rant  flov/er 
Tlie  verdant  Holds 
Composed  thoujrhts 
The  whisllinjT  winds 
A  dilifirent  scholar 
Fairest  proposals 
Relentless  war 
A  temper  unhappy 
Rapid  streams 
A  »y'3re  winter 
The  careless  ostrich 


A  cheerful,  ^ood,  old  man 
lender-looking  charity 
A  bookofmy  frienG^ 
A  mahog-any  tahle 
A  windintr  canal 
A  happier  life 
The  sweetest  inci>rjse 
The  ivy-mantled  tow»»r 
A  better  world 
A  pleasing  address 
Wholesome  aliment 
A  free  government 
The  noblest  proupp't' 


«Pfr'ul*h^^«^'«^'"?  ^  ^«^cises,  aD4  parse  li.em  n^^ 

— s  »»-  -i«c  iuiiow'ing  "  " 

Specimew. 
A  better  world. 
J^Uer  is  an  adjectiva,  and  is  found  in  the  comoaratm 


/ 


89 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


PRONOUNS 

A   Pronoun  is  (*)   a  word  used  insteac!  of  t 
Doun,     to  avoid  the  too  fre(|ueiit  repetition  of  th« 
same  word ;  as,  The  man  is  happy ;  he  is  be'iev 
Olent ;  he  is  useful. 

/i^'u"^'"'  a^*^   (^)   three  kinds  of  Pronoins,  via. 
(*)  the  Pkrsonal,  the  Relative,  and  the  Adjkc 
rivE  Pronouns. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

There  are  (<)  five  Personal  Pronouns,  vii, 
C*)  /,  thou,  hey  she,  it;  with  their  plurals,  we,  vt 
or  yau,  they.  ^      ^  y 

Persona]  pronouns  admit  of  («)  person,  number 
gender,  and  case.  ' 

Tb3  Persons  of  pronouns  are  C)  three  in  eacli 
of  the  numbers,  viz. 


(8)  /  is  the  first  person 

Thou  is  the  second  person 

Hey  she,  or  it,  is  the  third  person 

fVe  is  the  first  person 

Ye,  or  you,  is  tlie  second  person 

They  is  the  third  person 


Singular. 


I 

>  Plural. 


(®)  The  rumhers  of  pronouns,  like  those  of  sub- 
Btantives,  are  two,  the  singular  and  the  plural ; 
fts,  /,  thou,  he  ;  we,  ye,  they. 

(^0)  Gender  has  respect  only  to  the  third  pei^ 
son  singular  of  the  pronouns  he,  she,  it.  T'  h^ 
•iasculine;  sAf  is  feminine ;  t/is  neuter. 

(**)  Pronouns  have  three  cases,  the  Monvntp^ 
are,  the  Posses»ive,  and  the  Objective, 

The  oojeeiive  case  of  a  pronoun  has,  m  &en- 
'irel  a  form  different  from  that  of  the  nominaUvi 
or  the  »  Oiasessive  case. 


IH"!'!,::^  "r'  •^'"*'»»     P^o  i"  •  Latin  word  nn4 


lIManH  >f>  ':fr./itl  of 


ETYMOLOGY. 


23 


Ftrtt 


ITie  personal  pronouns  are  thu?  dec/ined 

Ours 


iJVdm. 
<  Possess, 


Third, 
Wis 

Third 

Fi.in. 

Thifl 

t 

KtUtP.T 


Singulw 

Mine 

Me 

Thou 

Thine 

Thee 

lie 

His 

Hirn 

She 

Uors 

Her 

It 

iii 

tt 


Us 

Ye  ot  yen 

Yo'irs 
Yoa 

They 

fill    • 

Tliem 

Thc^ 

Thoira 

Theui 

They 

Theirs 

Them 


Questions.  1.  What  is  a  Pronoun?  Mention  the  nra. 
nouns  in  tJie  example.  Instead  of  what  ar^th^y  us^eT' 
Repeat  the  example,  usin^r  the  nouns  only.  2.  How  an* 
K.Mds  of  pronouns  ?  3.  Repeal  then/  4.  How  any 
lersonal  r^ronouns  ?  5.  Repeat  them.  G.  Of  what  do 
pergonal  pronouns  admit  .^  7,  How  niuny  persons  i  each 
ber^?%V^TV^\Tn  ''  VVlmtisUdoftheirrmm 
becond.     Third  person  masculine.     Feminine.     Neuter 

RELATIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Relative  Pronouns  are  (^)  such  as  relate,  in 
general^  to  some  word  or  phrase*  goincr  before, 
which  ,s  thence  called  the  antecedent  ;t  they  are 
(  )  who,  which,  and  that  i  as,  The  man  is  hap- 
f  y.  who  lives  virtuously. 

W^te  isakind  of  f3)  compound  relative,  in- 
^udmg  both  the  antecedent  and  the  relative,  and 
18  equivalent  to  {^)  that  which;  as,  This  is 
what  I  wanted;  thai  is  to  say,  the  thing   whkk 


•A  pkra^e  consists  of  several  vvoids. 
t  Because  anteceAent  is  car/yed  fr^wn  two  Latin  wordi 
vmcn  mean  eoimr  Ufore. 


24 


$ 

'lii! 


{     ;M 


^il 


ENC  U  3H  GIlA  rJM AK. 


mo  b  applied  (5)  to  persons  ;  which,  (f^)  to  an. 

w/io   IS  laithful   in    advers^tv ;    The    bird    w;Ai>A 
*ung  so   sweetly,  is   dowarXhis   is     he   it' 
tViicA  produces  no  fruit. 

T^A^^,  as  a  relative,  is  often  used  H)  to  n^ 

U    s   applK^d   (8    to  persons  and  thino-s  •  as   Me 

Si^^lnr^/T'^^p^^^^^'  M.;;Ltris 

M^Ao  IS  of  both  numbers,  and  is  thus  decKned : 

SINGULAR  AND  PLURAL 

Nominative 


PossHssjve 
Objective 


Who 
Whom 


t:S^ 

What 


TowhaVdoesit    eiZf  (!,,"'«  .'"'^'ve  in  the  e.Ta,„,,te  r 

the  examnle  ?    Whinh  «r*K        *  .  '^  equivalent  iij 

Which  Ts'^to  amocelnt  ^^T^»^;'''  "  'i!"  "''•^"™  ^ 

Bsed  as  a  relative »  H  -rr    k  .  •     ■      '^"''  "''""  '»  'hat 

9thtch,  and  iM«i  in  the  examples  ?   Why  ?  ' 

ADJECTIVE  PRONOnNS. 

r>)  Adjective  Pronouns  are  of  a  mixed  nature, 


ETFMOLOf.r 


3» 


The  adjective  pronouns  may  be  si  ■bclivid..rl  (a\ 
uito  four  sorts,  namely,  the  PossEss.vr'he  b« 
»R.B„T,v.,  the  Db„.^«™.t,v.,  and  t^'e  1^^^^ 

1.  The  Possessive  are  (')  tliow  n,l.j„i,       ■ 
to  possa-sion  or  property.     "^  "''    ■■*'*"• 

There  are  («)  seven  of  them,  viz.  («)  mv  M« 
*i»,  Aer,  oeir,  your,  their.  •  W^y,  Ml/, 

"cgii  ling  with  a  vowel,  or  a  silent  h  -  ««   uu* 
out  all  miwe  iniquities.  ^  ^'  ^'°^ 

taken  separately  and  singly.     They  e.r^  (^\I'T 
^eru,   either  ■    a«     iP«-i     f  u-     f^    ,   '  (/  *'''^*' 

favourable  situaH^n^i"'^  •""   *''■''"'««  "  '»  « 

forhimsetf    Ih       ■   F""^  ""•"  "'""  "ewun' 
lor  mmself    I  have  not  seen  eUher  of  them. 

ciseiv  Dcin/^*!^T""'u^  "'"  (*>  "'°''«  ^hich  pre- 
P^WArid  M  ,  ,!  *"''J^'.''  *°  '^'"«*'  *«y  relate 
as   rt^  k  f  '*<«,  'A^.'e  and  <Ao,e,  are  of  this  class : 
Th-     '^'^^f.harity,  that  is  only  its  image 

.nd^irt."^  ("j  r,*«  ~«  person  o^tog, 
«iiu    mar    ^i«^    tQ    ^jj^  distant-    a«     T'aI 

caleVtheTair   '"^''^^^   ^^an   /Aaf'T^i  L" 
cates  the  latter,  or  last  mentioned ;  that,  the  form- 

.rebofhf  T"*'""*'''  '^'   *^«*'th  a,^d  ^veX 


^^i^  because  Hkin'^^^'^^'P*'^?  ^^**^*  proi>ertie8  of  a  pZ 
^'^n^s  hooK'^^^  ""  pronoun.it  stands  for  anouifaT 


26 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


i    i 


ii'i' 
I' 


4  The  Indefinite  are  (13)  those  which  expresi 
tbeij  subjects  in  an  indefinite  or  general  manuer. 
The  following  are  of  this  kind :  (}^)  same,  itkor^ 
my^  ancy  «//,  s\ichj  &,c. 

Otk^  18  declined  in  the  following  manner : 


Pass. 
Obj. 


Singular, 

Other 

Other's 

Other 


Plural 

Others 
Otiiers* 
Others 


Questions.  1.  Wliat  are  Adjective  Pronouns  ?  2.  How 
may  these  be  subdivided.-'  3.  Which  are  the  Possessive  / 
4.  How  many  of  them?  5.  Name  them.  6.  How  were 
mme  and  thine,  formerly  used  ?  7.  Which  are  the  Distrib- 
utive ?  8.  Name  them.  9  Which  are  the  Demonstrative  ? 
10.  Name  them  1 1  To  what  does  this  refer  i  12.  Tkai  f 
To  which  man  does  tkis  refer  in  tlie  example  f  To  which 
does  that  ?  What  does  this  indicate  ?  That  9  What  does 
that  indicate  in  the  example  ?  This?  13.  Which  are  the 
Indefinite  ?  14  Name  them.  Decline  other.  Spell  it  in 
each  case,  and  tell  where  the  apostrophe  is  placed. 

Write  the  possessive  sinfrular  and  plural  of  the  pronouns, 
J,  thou,  he,  she,  it,  who.  and  other. 

Write  the  objective  cases  singular  and  plural  of  the  pro- 
nouns, 1,  thou,  he,  she,  it,  and  who. 

EXERCISES  IN  PARSING. 

Jirtidey  Adjective,  PronouHy  i^c. 

Let  the  Verb  be  omitted  j  the  Article,  Adiectiv«,  tad 
noun,  parsed  as  before. 

Questions.    What  part  of  speech  is ? 

IRON()UN.  Why?  (see  page  10.)  Decline  X  (sw 
nage^d.)  in  what  person,  number,  gender  and  case  m  A 
round .? 

I  am  sincere  We  honor  them 

Thou  art  industrious  You  encourage  ng 

He  IS  disinterested  They  commend  her 

Thou  dost  imprvve  Let  him  consider 

He  assisted  me  Know  yourselves 

You  win  submit  Let  them  advance 

I  hey  will  ohey  us  They  may  oilend 


ETYMOl^OGV 


vhich  exprpfii 
neral  maimer. 

manner : 
ral 

3rs' 
3rs 

louns  ?  2.  How 
the  Possessive  / 
6.  How  were 
ire  the  Distrib- 
)omonstrative  r 
fer?  12.  Thatf 
)le  ?  To  which 
t?  What  does 
Which  are  the 
3r.  SpeU  it  in 
placed. 


fthe 


pronouns, 


ural  of  the  pro* 


re. 

Adjective,  mmI 

« 

)ecline  U. 
and  case  is  JH 

m 

?  tis 
id  her 
ier 

nee 
ind 


Chu-  hopes  did  flatter  us 
They  have  deceived  me 
lour  expectation  iias  failed 
He  Jiad  resiirued  iainself 
V\  ,5  completed  our  journey 
r/.eir  fears  will  delect  them 
tie  may  have  deceived  me 


27 


They  may  have  forffotten 

1  can  foririve 

Ho  uiiifht  surpass  them 

VVe  could  overtake  ^lini 

I  would  be  happy 

Ye  should  repent 

Wo  should  have  considered 


r!>lZtll^:^7t^  ''^''"^^'  -'O  P"-  then  acco* 

Specimen. 
She  is  disinterested. 

VERBS. 

A  Verb  is  (')  a  word  which  signifies  to  be,  to 
DO  or  to  sukfek:  as  I  „»,  I  r,,le:  1  am  ruled 
Verbs  are  of    »    three  kmds,  (')  Active    Pa« 

into  Regular,  Irregular,  and  Defective,  ^  ' 

J     A    Verb   Active   expresses    («)    an    action     an-l 

necessarily  implies  o'^an    agei/,  a"d    ar;bS 

acted  upon;  as,  to  love;   \lo„e  Penelope     Cah, 

k»/W  Abel ;  Titus  de^troycA  the  Temple  ^   ' 

LH^''^^'T*'"  '^''P'-«'^^«s  (')  the  .receiving  of 
Ian  action,  and  necessarily  implies  (9)  an  obicc 
acted  upon,  and  an  agent  by  vWuch  lluit  actLn  i 
performed ;    as,  Abel   was  killed  by  Cain  •    The 
xemple  was  destroyed  ('")  by  Titus. 

«l  'ir/"T '"  'H™.'/'=«  '»  ("''i  a  passive  votb,  fcociuue  th« 
oh.^el    Tewph.  „  acted  „p„n  by  tho  .-■.o,,,,,  TiZ 

C  "la  Passive  V^rh.flio  M.wr,,>,o«;,.„ 


Missive  Verb,  the  Noininati 


v'et'HStiusactot'unoTi 


28 


.ill 
ill 


i"f ! ! 


.iii    i 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAK. 


A   Verb  Neuter  expresses   (»3)   ueitLer  aotlnn 

Here  am  k  (13)  a  neuter  verb,  because  il  does  r^  ., 
press  any.aetion.  <-«iiao  n  loes  ax  ex 

4ai«/ary  or  FIdping  Veibs  are  (M)  J,ost  b^ 
fto  help  of  « hieh  the  English  verbs  are  Dri,  ? 
pally  coniugated ;  they  L  \^^)do  be^lZ 
eh,.U,wiU,  ma;i,  can,  will,  their  variilious  S 
^W  and  ™«./,ul,ich  have  no  variation.  '  "^^ 

and  7W  '  '^■'°"°   (")  ^^'"«*-.  ^'--,  ^o<fe, 

arc  l„.v     7  h™  -■,  ^'"'''  "f'V  '^"'"'■•'  "f  v«rb,.i !    3.  W  l,a. 
ar(  tiiov  f    4.  How  else  are  they  divided  *    t    Wi.„f  i 
verb  Active  express?     6    What  dnp     t        "'">'.do<',8 » 
ply!    7.  What  ifind  of  a  vert  ,t;;L?"wH"]'V"' 
docs. t  act  !A-i/W^  W,,^,  How  doeSu      ''^  '   ""' 

«.  What  does  tlia  verb  Passive  evnrps.;  ?    Q   Wk  *  j 
It  noce.sarily  implv  '    10    VVhat  S    f        ^^^^^t  does 

Wh^  How  iritac[::f  upon  p'^'^'    "^^^"  •     '^^  ^^"^'^^  ^ 

B.ve'^  ^f^"\\n.'i'cl^::!7  '^f  Jsti„.niHhed  from  the  Pas- 
^  '^-  H  fidt  does  a  verb  iN<^utur  ('\i.rf.^«  p  iq  aviT  . 
nnc  0  a  vorb  is  an,  9  Why  ?  Sl^l  VV  v '  L  i^Wh^l 
'  1-  What  are  AuxiJiarv  verbs  ?  ir{  W,  •  i?  '  .•  ^^^  • 
What  beJoncr  to  verbs  <  "'  ^^^"'^  ^'*^  ^^^^  •'    '6- 

NlIMBEll  AND  PP^RSOxV. 

-r^^   I  L(  kal;   }:.vs,  1  love,  we  /ot?6. 

lu  each  number  there  are  (2)  three  persons;  ai^ 


First  Pfirson 
Sec  or  d  Person 
Third  Person 


Sing,ular, 
I  love 

Thou  Invest 
He  loves 


Plural. 
We  love 
Ye  or  you.  low 
Tiioy  love 


Hot' mi"'''      ^-    ""'"    "'""y  Numbers   have    verVr  '    2 


ETTJIOLOGT, 


JGui.AR  and 


39 


MODES. 

Mood  or  Mode  i«  /u   «  ^      •     • 
Kerb,  showing  Te'Lll^rS  'Z  t  *« 
.<>.on,  or  pa.ssion,  h  represented.  '  '"'"'«' 

There  are  (»)  five  modes  of  verbs    f3\  th.  r 
910ATIVE,  the    Imperative   .L  p   '  ^>  ""^  '"' 

or  it  asks  a  queftiou  •'  af  fi     "1'   'f  ",  '""'^'''■ 

inr'exiZw  %f^"'^. '^ ''^^'^  (*)  for  command. 

peace.  •'   '  "*    *%»    go    w 

The  Potential  Mode  implies  ('«1  nn=o;K:i-< 
hberty,   power    will     J  !>i   •     J  ^  P"**'™"*?-  or 

«-«*;  they^LXL^'  ''""  "*'•  ''^"'-^ 
unJer  /«*-'"'Tv' "'  ^""^^  ^presents  a  thing  f7X 

he    good,  he   would  be  happy  •    that   k  '  .Y  1 
^vere  good.  ^^^ '  >    v    "^ 

The  Infinitive  Mode  expresses  a  thh^<r  /8\   • 

SFf«^-,  to  he  feared.  '^  '    '"'  '"  '"^''  "^ 

Jd!rf  "^'-fP'"  '■'  ('>  «  '^^rtain  form  of  the  ve.b  • 
>d  derives  Its  name   a^)   frnm   .-f. j"-L:^°' 


n^i.    _ 


DartlCllipfirjiy 


»«J^<^tive,    as,  I   anr.  desirous   of  hnmmnn 


knowing 


\*  M(^e~-metim  manner 
3* 


Iiiii;  ! 


3G 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


^^!!il 


111 


riira;  Admired  and  applauded^  he  became  vain; 
Having  finished  his  work,  he  submitted  it,  &c 
There  are  (»)  three  Participles,  (13)  tht 
Present  or  Active,  the  Pekfect  or  Passive, 
and  the  Compound  Perfect  j  as,  loving^  loved, 
having  loved. 

questions,  1.  What  Is  Mode  ?  2.  How  majiy  mode* 
fcavo  verbs?  .'J.  Repeat  tliem.  4.  What  is  said  of  the  In 
dicaUve  mode  ?  5.  For  what  is  the  Imperative  mode  used  ? 
For  what  is  depart  used?  Mindf  Let?  Guf  t).  What 
does  the  Potential  mode  imply?  What  does  mau  rain 
impy?  May  go?  Can  ride?  Cwddwalk?  Should  learn  f 
7.  How  does  the  Sulvjunctive  mode  represent  a  tiling? 
Which  verbs  are  in  the  subjunctive  mode  in  the  example  ? 
iiy^  what  conjunctions  are  they  preceded  ?  By  what  verbs 
attended?  8.  How  does  the  Infinitive  mode  express  a 
thing?  9.  What  is  the  Participle?  10.  From  what  does 
It  derive  its  name  ?  Are  there  any  participles  in  your  last 
answer  ?  What  words  are  participles  in  your  example ; 
11.  How  many  participles  are  there  ?    12.  Repeat  them. 

TENSES. 

Tense,  being  (i)  the  distinction  of  time,  might 
seem  to  admit  only  of  the  Presentj  Past  and  Fu- 
ture; but,  to  mark  it  more  accurately,  it  is  made 
to  consist  of  (2)  six  vanations,  viz.  (3)  the  Pres- 
ent, the  Imperfect,  the  Perfect,  the  Pluper- 
fect, the  First  and  Second  Future  Tenses. 

The   Present   Tense  represents   the  action   or 
event   (4)   as  passing  at  the  time  in  which  it :'« 
mentioned;    a&    I  rule.   1  am  ruled;    I  ;^ik :    1 
mr. 

The  Imperfect  Tense  represents  the  action  oi 
event  (^)   either  as  past  and  finished,  or  as  re-, 
maniing  unfinished  at  a  certain  time  past,  as,  I 
loved   her   for   her    mndpstv    nnri    virfii«»»    Tl^awl 
were  travelling  post  when  he  met  them. 

(^)  Th(!  Perfect  Tense  not  only  refers  to  what 
is  past,  bui  also  conveys  an  allusion  to  the  pre»- 


)ecame  vamj 
litted  it,  &c 
es,  (19)  tht 
or  Passive, 
loving^  loved^ 


V  many  modei 
said  of  the  In 
ive  mode  used  ? 

Go?  tj.  What 
does  may  rain 

Should  learn  f 
3sent  a  thing? 
1  the  example  ? 
By  wliat  verbs 
ode  express  a 
'rem  what  does 
les  in  your  last 
yoxir  example: 
Repeat  them. 


KTYMOI,OGY. 


31 


cnt  time;  as,  I  have  finished  my  letter-  I  W* 
le^  the  person  that  was  lecomm  Jaied  to  me 
The  Pluperfect  Tense  represe  its  a  thin      Hx 

Ihe  Fust  Future  Teuse  represents  the  aetioB 

10  tile  precise  time  when  •  as    Th^  .-.,         n^  . 
.0-0, row;   UMl  seeZl^^^^t.    "'"  "'"  "*' 
Hit'  Second  Future  intimates'^    (9\  fh..<  fl. 

-//  ka.e  finished  their  bu!^^V       en   diSi: 
comes  to  prorogue  tliem  ^"'« 


time,  might 
*ast  and  Fu- 
(^  it  is  made 
')  the  Pres- 
the  Pluper- 
:  Tenses. 
le  action  or 
which  it :'« 
I  Mnk ;   1 

ie  action  oi 

id,  or  as  re- 1 
past,  as,  1 

rfll<»  •       THiiiirl 
1. 

fers  to  what! 
to  the  pres* 


"  »o  »am  OI  tne  r( 
.^.i^c  in  your  example?  7.  H«vv  does  th,.  P'n'^'7  "'  '"'* 
represent  a  tiling?  What  vpTo  '  H.ii  t  '''^"'^'^''^  ^^'"s* 
an.ple?  How  dcfes  it  ^r:::^,1i^'^^r  ^J^^  ^ 
pmntoftime?  8.  How  dr.e«  the  Vir't  P„t„il  '^  '''^'^^ 
an  action?  What  verb  of  tl.i«t.l  '' "tire  represent 

How  does  it  reU:;o„fti::'S:„'^^;r\VK''j'""'p'f' 

Soeo^^Future  intunato.^  VVha.  verb  of'thrtler^oi' 

The  Conjugation  o.' a  verb  is  (i)  the  resulw 
eomb„.at.o„§  and    arr.„geme„t||  ^  iu    S 


,  i^cisuiis,  moucs,  ami  tenses. 


.:,!!!  ! 


i!ii! 


b%> 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


The   Conjugation  of  an  active  verb  is  sty  It  ^ 
the  ACTIVE  voice;  and  Oiat  of  a  passive  verb  ihc 

PASSIVE  VOICE, 

^stion.    1.  What  is  the  Conjugation  o*  a  rerb ' 

The  auxiliary  and  active  vero  To  have  is  cca 
iig  tted  in  the  following  manner : 

TO  HAVE. 

Indicative  Mode. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 

1  Pers.  (1)   Thave  1.  We  have 

8  Pers.  Thou  hast  2.  Ye  or  you  have 

3  Pers.  He,  slie,  or  it  hath  3.  They  have 
or  has 


Singular. 
1.  (9)  I  had 
8.  Thou  hadst 
3.  He,  <&c.  had 


Singular. 
I    (3)  I  have  liad 
3   Thou  hast  had 
3   He  has  had 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  had 

2.  Ye  or  you  had 

3.  They  had 

PERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  have  had 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  had 

3.  They  have  had 


PLUPEEFECT  TKNSE. 

1  (4)  I  had  had  1.  We  had  had 

2  Thou  hadst  had        2.  Ye  or  you  had  had 
?  He  had  baa  3.  riiey  had  had 

FIRST  FUTUHE  TENSE. 

.    /T    ,    Singular.  Plural. 

e   Taou  Shalt  or  wilt  have      2.  Ye  or  you  shall   or  wiU 

have 
1  He  shall  or  will  have  3.  They  ^b-^ll  or  will  have 


eryMOLOGY. 


32 


SECOMi;    FUTURE    TENSE. 

Siiurular.  r., 

i   S)  I  shalHiavo  had  1    w     u  ^h""^' 

8   Hou  wilt  have  had  o*  ^'  "^^^^  ^^^.^  ^''^ 

3    He  will  have  had  I  If'''  >'?"  .^»"  ^ave  Jiad 

QurMioru..     1     What  is  th.  «  V''^  "^'^  ^*'^' ^*^ 

/e«<^    b.  First  Future  ?df       ^f^>-fect?    4.  Pluper. 
She  persona  of  eLh  te„se.        ''"'^^  ^^'"''^  ^    Repeat   «/^ 
Proceed  in  the  «au,e  manner  witl  the  other  mode.. 

Imperative  Mode. 

/•  («;  Let  vie  have*  i    r  ,       / '"'•'^• 

'^-  Have   thou,  or  do  thou     2    U    "*  ^'"^' 

have         '         ^  ^''°"     2'  ^'av«ye,ordoye<»ry<,t 
•J  Let  Am  have  g    .jf,^     , 

Potential  Mode. 

Sin       1  '*"'=8ENT   TENSE. 

'    (3)  I  may"f"c"„  have  1    w«        ^^"''^'■ 

2.  TJiou     niayst    "/canst    2    ^«    ""^^  ^"^  "^"  ***^* 

have  "^^  -^'  ^®  «'•  you  may  or   c»# 

3.  He  may  or  can  have     q  Tvl^^ 

d.  1  hey  may  or  can  have 


I. 


y  'p 


Singular. 
J  mirrht  could,  would,  Or 

slumld  have 
Thou    nii^rhtst,     couldst, 

wouIdsl«rshouldsthave 


IMPERFECT   TENSE. 


1. 


Plural. 
We  miirht,  could,  would 

or  should  have 
Ve  or  you   mi<rht,  couid, 

would  or  should  have 


2   He  might,   couldwS  3    ..r"^^.^^^^^"^^  ^^^^^ 

«r  should  have  ^^•^y"»i,^ht,  couid,  would 

"  or  should  have 

PERFECT    TENSE. 

,    _          omgular.  pi      i 

I    f  may  or  can  have  had  1    Wp  m^^ 

u-i                t'Onsi  ^    Ye  or   von   mat,   ..«  ,. 


3   He 


may 


have 


ave  ha/J 


<o 


"ufe '"""j^Tir '  ''>«"^^^^^^^;^i^^^^;:^5;i7^;i^ 


84 


ENGLISH  GFvAMMAH. 


II  HI 


PLUPERFECT 

Singular. 
I    1  might,  could,  would  or    1. 

should  have  had 
8    Thou   mightHt,    couldst,    2. 

wouldst     or     ahouldst 

have  had      ' 
I    He  might,  could,  would    3. 

0f  ahould  have  had 


TENSK. 

PluraA 
We  might,  could,  would 

or  should  have  had 
Ye  or  you  niiorht,  could 

would    or  should  han 

had 
They  might,  coulc?,  wouli 

or  should  have  hjui 


Subjunctive  Mode. 

PRESENT    TENSK. 

1   f4,  ffi  i"^"^"'  Plural. 

o   ifJ^'''''^  1-  J^  we  have 

2.  inhouhave  2.  If  ye  or  you  have 

3.  If  he  have  3.  jf  they  fiave* 

B«  peat  this  mode,  using  one  of  the  following  coniunc- 
bona  mstead  of  if  :  viz.  though,  less,  whether ^  unless. 

Infinitive  Mode. 
Present,  (5)  To  have  Perfect,  To  have  had 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present  or  active,      Having 
Perfect  or  passive,    Had 
Compound  perfect,     Having  had 
questions.     1.  What  is  the  ftst  person  singular  of  the 
Jl!v?    1"?' '"  ^^'  Ini,icat<ve  mode  ?  2.  In  the  Impfr- 
ATiVE?    3.  Potential?  4.  Subjunctive  .?  5.  iNriNinv.  ' 

^    The  auxiliary  and  neuter  verb  To  he  is  con 
lugated  as  follows : 

TO  BE. 

Indicative  Mode. 

PRJSSENT    TENSE. 

Smgubr.  piu^^ 

1.  We  are 


I    I  am 


3    Thou  art 

3   He,  she,  or  it  ia 


2.  Ye  or  you  are 

3.  They  are 


*  The  remaining  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  mode  tjc  ^m 
pneral  similar  to  the  correspondent  tenses  of  the  ijidica 
*ive  mode.  «"'•■ 


uraA 

t,  could,  woaM 
d  have  had 
I  iiuorhi,  nouid 
or  should  have 

lit,  could,  wouli 
d  have  iijul 


iral. 
I  have 


wing  conjunc- 
Tf  unless. 


lave  had 


ul 

igular  of  the 
[n  the  Imper- 
.  Infinitivk  ' 

>  be  is  eon 


d. 


mode  ijc,  'H 
>f  the  indka 


t   I  wait 

i   Thou  wast 

I   He  «ds 


ETYMOLOGY. 
IMPSRfKCT  Tense. 

1.  Vve  W6:o 
A   1  iiej  were 


3e 


f    1  l.aTe  been 

*   Thou  hast  been 

3    He  hath  or  has  been 


MCRFECT  TK»g«. 

*Ve  have  been 

Ye  «r  you  have  bowl 
'  hey  have  been 


J 

2. 
3. 


Singular. 
I    I  had  been 
^i    Thou  hadst  been 
\'i   He  had  been 


PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 


Plural. 
i-  We  had  beon 
2.  \e  or  yon  had  been 
.1    1  hey  had  been 


FIRST  FUTU fit  TENSE. 

Singular.  r»i 

I   /shall  or  will  be  i  w     rV,""*^' 

f   Thou  Shalt  or  wilt  be  9  J7®  «^a"  ^'^  will  be 

I  3   He  shall  or  will  be  t  It  '''*  3;o»  «hall  or  will  he 

""  »*  1  hey  shall  or  will  be 

SECOHD  FUTURE  TENSE. 

Singular.  r>i 

I-  I  shall  have  been  i    w     T^  n'"^'' 

Thou  wilt  have  been  2    vf     ''^^  ^'^""^  ^»«" 

Ho  will  have  been  t  rLt  "''  ^'n  .^'^'  **«  ^'^  ««■ 

'*•  ^°ey  will  have  been 


3 


11  r  .      Singular. 

1 1  Le<  me  ig 

i  ?®  ^**""»  <"*  do  thou  be 

i»  t*<  Aim  be 


Imperative  Mode. 


,    ,       Plural, 
i    IM  us  ie 


Potential  Mode. 

'  "^-sr-.T!  ;    TJENSl. 

II    g         Singular  »,      , 

n    I  may  or  can  be  ,    vv«         "^ 

IJ  Thou  rnayst  or  canst  be    2    ^  „!"''-'  "'  ""^  ^ 
3.  He  may  or  can  bo  3   vl      ^"^  "'^^^  ^'"  '^w*  ^ 

I  «  J.   rhey  may  or  can  he 


^ 


ill 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAJU 


IVPSRiiECT  TXNSe. 

Singular.  pi      i 

.  I  might,  could,  w^ould  or    1    We  LiJh,    «     ^A 

should  be  *•   ^«  "\'fe''»«;»  could,  would 

Thou    niightst,    couldst     2   vJ"'        "''^  ^^ . 
Hp  might,  could,  woulrl     ^   rp.  ^*'"'V  f '^  """"Id  be 

or  aJiould  be 

FERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  p,      , 

3.  IIe.„a,<.ca„have  been    3.  14™!!;",,.  ea..  h... 

been 

PLUPERFSCT  TENSE. 

.    Sin/grular.  pj      ,      . 

I.  I  might,  could,  v^rould,  or  1    We  m  "l,t '.     u 

should  have  been  ^«  '"'^''it,  could,  would 

8.  Thou    mightst,    couldst  2   y/'' «^»""ld  have  b..,. 


1  Iflbe^"^"'" 

2  If  thou  be 
^   Ifhebe 


Subjunctive  Mode. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Plural. 
1    Ff  we  be 

2.  If  ye  or  you  be 

3.  If  they  b'o 


IBfPCRFBCT  TENSE. 

Plural 

1.  If  we  were 

2.  If  ye  or  you  were 

3.  If  they  were 


1      Trt         S'"^JW. 

1.  Ir  J  Were 
8.  If  thou  wert 
3.  If  he  were 


Present,  Tc  be 


fnfiiiitive  Mode. 


Perfect,  To  have  berm 


t-Txtitohorr 


Sb 


iral. 

,'ht,  could,  would 
oiild  be 

'" u  ini^rht,  coutd, 
I  or  ahouJd  be 

gl»t,  could,  wouli? 
>uld  be 


ral, 

"/•  can  havn  been 

ou    may  or  cax 

>een 

ly   or  can  hav« 


al. 

t,  could,  would 
iJd  have  booji 
iJ  might,  Cduid 
or  should  hav« 

It,  could,  wouic 
Id  have  been 


>  have  beon 


KITE.         '   "^  ^^-^""■'■"''T.VE,  and  tl.e  Indef' 

to  rJi^T^;.  ^'^  "'°^^  -»'-•'  -«.. 

*»,  Co::,i:vs:  °'  '''^■'"'  -•  o  '»^.  %. 
wS;:ld  tvi;2  r'^;:''.  ^^-y  -^  %,  were 

out  all  mine  ini<|uitir     '  ''^"*  *'  «.  ^>ot 

of-  '''''«  i>iiinbulive  are  (')  those  wh.Vi,  j 
the  persons  or  things  that  make  ^m  o      ''  ^^""'^ 
taken  separately  and  singly      Thev  „   ""."J^"''  "' 

favourable  8itua^;,n      i?^  '"'   *'™"'"''  «  ■■"  « 

for  himself ;      hive  not?e2  T  °?"^'  "«»"»' 

3    TI.O    n  "*'*"«"''«»' of  them 

.  "■  i  lie  Denumtrative  are  C*^  th„.^     u-  L 
cise  V  Doint  n„t  *!,„     1..         ^  -'  '"ose  which  pre- 

f'O)  telnH  ,A  ,    t  '"''J^'="  '°  "'•i'^h  they  relite 
I    )tfiK  and  Ma/,  Me.,e  and  those,  are  of  tl.i.,  w!! 
«S)  /Am  is  true  charitv  /*„.  ••     '  ■    .        '"*  *^'as'  5 

This  refers  Cirr^^'i.        '*  ""'^  '«•'  '-"age. 
and   Ma/    m  ^  J  '?  *^  "earest  person  or  thing, 

man  is  mole^ntel£t'"tr  'T'"'    ''^'    ^^" 
cales  the  latter  3  m  J.'      1^\     ^'*»  '"^i- 

«^,  or  first  mentLned    ?,    w    i  /*"''  *«  ''°™- 
"e  both  te!n^^- til         \     '  ^  ^^*  and  povertt 

«tie»  of  ;i"a^:,&r!-*."  *-*...*'>  P».',iei„.te.  .1,.  .,_ 
^i""*;  and  ir^i^^'panidXT' '»'J«"r«.it-belo„|; 


''  .»!iii 


iiijli 


!  '  I 


2^ 


ENGLISH    GRAMxMAR. 


4  The  Indefinite  are  (")  those  which  express 
their  subjects  in  an  indefinite  or  general  manner 
The  following  are  of  this  kind :  (")  some,  nim 
my,  oncy  all,  such,  &c.  '  * 

Oth^  18  declined  in  the  following  manner: 


Singular. 

Plural 

Mom. 

Other 

Others 

Pass. 

Other's 

Others' 

Obj. 

Other 

Others 

^esttons.  1.  Wliat  are  Adjective  Pronouns  ?  8  How 
may  these  be  subdivided?  3.  Which  are  the  Possessive? 
4.  How  many  of  ihein  '  5.  Name  them.  6.  How  were 
wme  and  thine  formerly  used  ?  7.  Which  are  th«  Distrib- 
utive ?  8.  xVame  therir  9  Which  are  the  Demonstrative  ? 
10.  JName  them  1 1  To  what  does  this  refer  ?  12  That  f 
lo  which  viau  does  thh  refer  in  the  example  ?  To  which 
doea  that?  Wliat  does  M«";j  indicate  ?  That  9  What  doei 
J/i«<  indicate  in  the  example  ?  This?  13.  Which  are  the 
Indefinite?  14  Name  thmn.  Decline  o«W.  Spell  it  in 
each  case,  and  tell  where  the  apostrophe  is  placed. 

Write  the  possessive  singular  and  plural  of  the  pronoun.. 
I,  thou,  he,  she,  it,  wh.).  and  other.  ^ 

««,^"^f  l^^  objective  cases  singular  and  plural  of  the  pro 
nouns,  1,  thou,  he,  she,  it,  and  who.  ^ 

EXERCISES  IN  PARSING. 

.^rticle^  Adjective^  Pronoun,  ^. 

Questions.     What  part  of  speech  is -  ? 

J.f^'xTi^^\  )^^^'    ^'''  P^^«  1«)     ^««^Iine  :t     ie. 
Pound  ?  ^^'"*''"'  **"^"^«'''  gen<ler  and  cue  i  rt 


I  am  sincere 

I'hou  art  industrious 

He  is  disinterested 

J  hnil  Hnut    imiir.  VA 

lie  assisted  me 
You  will  submit 
rhey  will  o/iey  uf 


We  honor  them 
You  encourage  us 
They  commend  hor 
Let  him  consider 
Know  yoursolvos 
Let  them  advance 
They  may  otiend 


ai) 


ETYMUJ.OGV 


ivhich  express 
neral  maimer. 


manner : 

ral 

era 
3ra* 
ars 

louns  ?  2.  How 
the  Possessive  i 
6.  How  were 
ire  the  Distrib- 
3emonstrative  ? 
fer  ?  \2.  Thai  f 
jle  ?  To  which 
tf  Whatdoei 
Which  are  the 
3r.  Spell  it  in 
placed. 

>r  the  pronouns, 
ural  of  the  pro* 


AdjectiT«,  and 

'ecline  It.  (eet 
and  case  s  A 

n 

I  us 
d  hor 

ier 

08 

nc« 
od 


Our  Hopes  did  flatter  us 
They  have  deceived  me 
I  our  expectation  has  iailed 
Hfc  had  resiKtied  hinisejr 
vy,^,cou)pleU'd  our  journey 
1  /  eir  foars  will  delect  them 
He  may  have  deceived  mo 


27 


They  may  have  forffotton 
I  can  lorjrive 

Ho  mi^rht  surpass  thejn 

VVe  could  overtake  'lim 

I  would  he  happy 

Ye  should  n^pent 

We  should  have  considored 


1 

Sfecimen. 
She  is  disinterested. 

VERBS. 

A  Verb  is  (')  a  word  which  signifies  to  be    tr. 
DO   or  to  sa..K. ;  as   I  am,  I  ruleU  ..^  ruM:  ^ 
Verbs  are  of    ^    three  kinds,  (')  Active    Pas 

liito  i2^^../ar,  Irrecjular]  and  i>./^c/z2;6.  ^  ^ 

A    Verb    Active   expresses    (^*)    an    artinn     n>.^ 

necessarily  implies  (/an   agei(  a"d    a'    ;bd 

k'.MAhtA;  litus  f/ci,*-oy,?</ the  Temple 

A  Verb  Passive  expresses  (8)  tlie  receivino-  of 
an  action,  and  necessarily  implies  (»)  an  obiec 
acted  upon,  and  an  agent  V  which    hatTctLnt 
performed ;    as.  Abel   was  killed  by   Cain      The 
lemple  ivwi  destroyed  ( 'o )  by  Titus. 

.L;"r  ;r!..ff1r":^,f ,'»  ('"'  ?  P«-ive  ve,h,  boca„„  ,h. 
ai)        """AC'vo  Verb  the  Nominative  ca'e  .ci... 


I{    ;'ij™!!'i'l 


I         I 

'       I. 

t 


28 


ENGLISH  GRAMAfAK. 


A   Verb  Neuter  exDre««p«   /'l2^    «  •.. 
1  am,  1  sleep,  I  sit.       ^'  '^'^  "^  ''•*">«  i   «. 

pre"''"a:.;Tcti„i"^  "  """'"  ^"'''  "--»«  ^  foes  ««  e, 

»hall^   wilL  man    cup    vWth   fk   •  ^        '    *^'    ^«^«^ 
and  7W      '''^'""S  ("')  A»'^-,  iW«,  M.*, 

verb  Ayive-ex;7es:'rr   V^fat'd'''"'-;   °-  *""'J«'« 

Why'  tl„„i»-\t,;'::,''„';„;'«'<'d    upon?    »■«,  ^fc^  , 

-0  ;  tVl.l'rdt''r;et  !i'!'^'-'.ed  ^0™  tl.  Pa. 
kmd  ofa  v,M-h  is  „„,  ?  Whu,  «       »  "fl"-'-''*'' •'    13.  What 

W'halbolongtoveibY?  lo- Which  are  they .'    fe 

NUMBER  AND  PERSON, 


First  Person 
Second  Prrson 
Third  Person 


Sfnsrular. 
I  love 

TIu)u  Invest 
He  loves 


Qii&stionf^. 


1.  riow 

ow  many  pprsons  in 


Plural. 
We  love 

YeoryouIovB 
A  iiey  Jove 


ioue,  in  eucJ 


many  Numbers  h 


e-'ich  number  ' 
1  iJoraon.  siinfular  and  plu-  ai 


ave    verbf  ?    2 
iiepeat  the  verb 


neitLer  acdoh 
3f  being;   ^a, 

K  ioes  Dtx  ex 

i^*)  chose  bi, 
>s  are  princi. 
^0,  be,  have^ 
nations  J  and 
1. 

'^erson,  ModCy 

:>es  rw/e. signify 
«ib.s«    3.   VVhai 
0.  W]iat  does  « 
necessarily  im 
•^    Why?    How 

^>.  What  does 

^erh  is  w;a*-  de- 

f^as  killed  9 

from  tJie  Pas- 
^s ''    13.  What 

■    Sk?    Why? 

ire  they  ?    36. 


arsons;  as^ 

at. 
lovo 

'^  you  loVB 

>^  love 

3    verbf  ?    Q 
3at  the  verb 


ETTTMOLOGT. 


29 


MODES. 

Mool*  or  MoDP  i«  /'i\  ^         .    . 

3«B,....,vB   .„d  the YZ^.t-B'^'"'""^'''  "*« 

I  ;    J  lie  Indicatwe  Mode  simnhr  :«^-    . 
declares   a   thing-    ^/'Vi^ /'"^P^^  ^n^'^ates  or 

OT  it  asks  a  question  .'  ul    n'''''^    *'*^   **   ^^^^; 
/om/?  "i""^'^'^^^  as,  />oe*  he  /o.e?    /,  he 

The  Imperative  Mode  is  ns^rl  /'Sn  <v. 

under  a^^ni'Tv"'  ^'"'^  represents  a  thinff  (7^ 
or     nderZraS  atr..f:;'VtX'';i!rf 

re^.o-?rrjr,f^trt^^ 

Were  good.  ""PPri    tnat   is,   i/   he 

*  Sierff  f  r  ^"^?  '^P^«'''^'  »  thing  («)  fa 
^eak,  to  be  feared  ^  '      ''  ^"^  ''''''   '^• 

r^ot  only  tlVtTZSJr  ^'''^:'^  participating, 

dt^  an   adjective-    «rr''  "  ?"'•"'  ""'^^  *''^  ^^'^«« 
_J^^  '^^*'  "^ '    ^'S  '  anr   desirous   of  knmmng 


Mfde— means  marner 
3* 


r      ! 


3G 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


fcim;  Admired  'A^d  applauded,  he  became  vain: 
itw^g  finished  his  work,  he  submitted  it,  &<^ 
Ihere  are  (»)  three  Participles,  (12)  tht 
.RESENT  or  Active,  the  Perfect  or  Passive, 
^tdn    I       T^^''^^''  Perfect;  as,  loving,  loved^ 

f^^'^timis^  1  What  Is  Mode  ?  2.  How  mayiy  modes 
feave  vorbs?  .'J  Repeat  them.  4.  What  is  sa.d  of  the  In 
dicafve  mode  ?  5.  For  what  is  the  Imperative  mode  used^ 
for  what  is  depart  used?  Mindf  Let  ?  Go  9  6  Whnt 
does  the  Potential  mode  imply?  What  does  m«.  rati 
imply?  May  go?  Can  ride  9  Cauldwa/k?  Should  Lrr^f 
T^Hovv  does  the  Subjunctive  mode  represent  a  thino.  ? 
Which  verbs  are  in  the  subjunctive  mode  in  the  examplS  ? 

attended?  8.  How  does  the  Infinitive  mode  express  a 
hingr  9  What  ,s  the  Participle?  10.  From  what  does 
it  derive  Us  name  ?  Are  there  any  participles  in  your  last 
.nswer?  What  words  are  participles  in  your  example' 
11.  How  many  participles  are  there  ?    12.  Repeat  them.  ' 

TENSES. 

Tense,  being  (i)  the  distinction  of  time,  miffht 
seem  to  admit  only  of  the  Present,  Past  and  Fu- 
ture; but,  to  mark  it  more  accurately,  it  is  made 
to  consist  of  (2)  six  variations,  viz.  (3)  the  Pres- 
ent, the  Imperfect,  the  Perfect,  the  Pluper- 
fect, the  FiRHT  and  Second  Future  Tenses. 

The   Present  Tense  represents   the  action   or 
event   (*)   as  passing  at  the  time  in  which  it  «  , 
mentioned;   aS;  I  rule,  I  am  ruled;    I  Mjik ;   \ 
jear,  ' 

The  Imperfect  Tense  represents  the  action  oi 
CTent  (*)  either  as  past  and  finished,  or  as  re- 
maining unfinished  at  a  certain  time  past,  as,  I 
hved  her  for  her  modesty  and  virtue;  They 
were  travelling  post  when  he  met  them. 
^  \^)  Thi  Perfect  Tensfe  not  only  refers  to  what 
IS  past,  bu,  also  conveys  an  allusion  to  the  pres- 


became  vain; 
mitted  it,  &c 
•les,  (12)  tht 
r  or  Passive, 
loving,  loved^ 


w  many  modee 
i  said  of  the  In 
tivc  mode  used  ? 
Go  9   6.  What 
does  may  rain 
'  Should  learn  f 
esent  a  thing? 
n  the  example? 
By  what  verbs 
tode   express    a 
i^rom  what  does 
)le8  in  your  last 
your  example: 
Repeat  them. 


ETYMOLOG?.  gj 

ent  time;  as,  I  have  finished  mv  letter-  T  hr. 
se..  the  person  that  wa's  lecommJaK  to  me  "" 

inonoH,   l6/w// see  them  ajrain. 

-//  w.  .>i.,,rf  their  bu^^,^if  ;;,^^-^ 

comes  to  prorogue  them.  '  ^^'^  ^'"^^ 


'  time,  might 
i^ast  and  P'u- 
y^,  it  is  made 
^)  the  Pres- 
the  Pluper- 
3  Tenses. 
le  action  or 
L  which  it :« 
I  think;   \ 

tie  action  oi 
id,  or  as  re- 
past, as,  ! 
rtue;    They 

fers  to  what 
to  the  pres- 


: '^  "'  y'»"r  example  ?  7.  How  does  ff.,.  P',     '7  "'•-"« 

represent  a  thing?    What  vPrK \r  »^  "tperiect  tense 

ai'iple  ?    How  does  if  Vf  '  f  ^^"'^  ^*^"^«  '"  vour  f,x- 

point  of  tinrp'rH^^^ijr"the'v;f    ^^^^-  -^^» 

an  action?  What  verb  „f  hilt  '^  ^"*"''*^'  represent 

How   does  it   re^r^tnf^^^tL^^^riv'C^r^P^^^^ 
•xr^.^"^"'^  mtimate  ?  What  ve?b  of'thil t^Xo'^ 

^.  Jk-^  Conjugation  of  a  verb  is  (i)  the  re^nl^t 
Ccmh,nation§  and  arrangementll  of  ^  its  sev"^ 
fiumbers,  persons,  modes,\nd  tenses.  ^ 

U  ^-.n^  .r«.«.4Taeinff  in  ^^.^^^^'^'^^''^-uniting 


^'i. 


I 


liiij 


ENGL.SH  GRAMMAR. 


The   Conjugation  of  an  active  verb  is  styU/f 
the  ACTIVE  voice;  and  that  of  a  passive  verb  thf 

PASSIVE  VOICE. 

(iitestion.    1.  What  is  the  Conjugation  o^  a  verb ' 

The  auxiliary  and  active  vero  To  have  is  coa 
iig  «ted  in  the  following  manner : 

TO  HA^'; 
Indicative  Moue. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 

1  Pers.  (1)  1  have  I.  We  have 

8  Pers.  Thou  hast  2.  Ye  or  you  have 

3  Pers.  He,  she,  or  it  hath  3.  They  have 
or  has 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

1.  (2)  I  had  1.  We  had 

2.  Thou  hadst  2.  Ye  or  you  had 
'i.  He,  &c.  had                 ,       3.  They  had 


Singular. 

1  (3)  I  have  had 

2  Thou  hast  had 

3  Ho  has  had 


PERFECT  TENSE. 

Plural. 

1.  We  have  had 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  had 

3.  They  have  had 

PLDPEEFECT  TKNSE. 


Sinjrular 

1  (4)  I  had  had 

2  Thou  hadst  had 


He  had  haa 


Plural. 

1.  We  had  had 

2.  Ye  or  you  had  had 
3   They  had  had 


rinST  FUTUH  B  TENSE. 


Singular. 
I    (*)  I  shall  or  will  have 
B   Tliou  shalt  or  wilt  have 

ft.  He  shall  or  will  have 


Plural. 

1.  We  shall  or  will  hKve 

2.  Ye  or  you  shall  or  vviHl 

have 

3.  Thev  ftbill  or  will  h.ivc 


ETYMOLOGY. 


33 


SKCOK^    FUTURE    TENSE. 

Singular,  ^  ,,, 

Thau  wilt  have  had  2    ^    '^*"  ^*^«  ^^^ 

Me  will  have  had  t  If  ''''  ^?"  ^»"  *»avo  had 

,  Qurstior^,     1.    What  is  ih.^    .^  ^'^"^^  ^'^^ 

^^resent  Tense  f    2.   wV^'.^  ^'"Z"^*^'  °^'  th» 

f^^ ^    5.  First  Future / TseLd' p^V-^^'i "   n^"  ^^^Z'^'' 
toe  persons  of  each  tense  '"'"*'  ^    Repeat  oZ^ 

•Proceed  in  the  same  n.annerwitl  the  other  mode.. 

Imperative  Mode. 
Sino'ular 
/•  (^;  ilc^  me  have*  i     r  ,       .''^"^al. 

'i-  Have   thou,  or  do  thou     Q    h    "*  ^""^^ 

have  '•aotnou    2.  Have  ye,  or  do  ye  or  roi. 

^  Let  hvm  have  o    ,  ^/?      , 

•>.  L.ef  them  have 

Potential  Mode. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 


)    /'3N  T     ^^"S:"'ar. 

n    V^)  »  may  or  can  have 

have  '"^-^^^    '''*    ''^"^^ 
3.  He  may  or  can  have 


1, 


•J 


C,.  ,  IMPERFECT 

.  ,  lingular. 

J '"•irhtconld,  would,  or 
sliouJd  have 

'i^'iou  nii>htst,  couldst, 
wouldstorshouUsthave 

He  nught,  could,  would 
or  should  have  ' 


Plural. 
1.  We  may  or  can  havo 
^-  Ve   or  you  may  or  c^ 

iave 
3.  They  may  or  can  have     ' 


1. 
2. 
3. 


TENSE. 

Plural. 
We  might,  could,  «rould 

or  should  have 
ieoryou   min^ht,  couid, 

would  or  should  have 

1  hey  mi|rht,  could,  would 
or  should  have 


\ 

3 


■  PERFECT    TENSE. 

,           ^Singular.  pi       i        ' 

w« -  nnvA  ha/; 


or  will  h.i.G  ■  ;o  the 


Strietly 


*'  :ond 


jpeaking,  the  imperativ 
person 


e  mode  is  entitled  onl| 


iiii  i 


■i 
ii.'i 


i'  i 


k 


54 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAlU 


I 


PLUPERFECT 

lingular. 
I  might,  could,  would  or    1. 

shouJd  have  had 
Thou  rnitrhtst,    couldst,    2. 

wouldst     or     shouldst 

nave   had 
He  might,  could,  would    3. 

Of  should  have  had 


TEN8K. 

PluraU 
We  might,  cojid,  would 

or  should  have  had 
Ye  or  you  might,  could 

would    or  should  have 

They  might,  could,  woulj 
or  should  have  had 


Subjunctive  Mode. 

PRESENT   TENSK. 

3.  »  ho  have  |  I'f  L^o^C'"' 

B<  peat  this  mode,  usiuff  one  of  the  following  «  -• 

Infinitive  Mode. 
Frtstnt,  (5)  To  have  Perfect,  To  have  had 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present  or  activey      Having 
Perfect  or  passive,     Had 
•      Compound  perfect,     Having  had 
(hiestions.     1.  What  is  the  fil-st  person  sm,       ^ 
present  tense,  in  the  Indicativk  mJdeTs  fe  t 
iXiVE  ?    3.  Potential  ?  4.  Subjunctive  ?  5  l^ri. 

•    ^I'^j  auxiliary  and  neuter  verb  To  he  is  cl 
lugated  as  follows  :  *  t'  t/e  w  ct 

TO  BE. 

Indicative  Mode. 

'     o-       .        prksent  tense. 

.    lam     ^'"«"'"\  ,    y,         P'"»I. 

a    Ti  ^  ^'   '^e  are 

5    1  hcu  art  o   v« 

I  He^^riti.       3.Th;;r  "• 

^Ll'**!*  fpra'ining  tonaos  of  the  siihjunctive  mode  err  i. 


of  the 

iPKR- 

^E  • 


lura!* 

t,  cojid,  would 
Id  have  had 
i  miff  hi,  could 
or  should  have 

ht,  could,  woulj 
d  have  had 


iral. 
I  have 


wxng  conjunc- 
r,  unless. 


lave  had 


id 

ife      '■of  the 
[n  t,  PKR- 


6e  i 


IS   Ct 


1. 


ETITMOLOGY. 


^injfular. 
I   f  waif 

il   Thou  v/ast 
I   He  ^jts 


1  JPXRFSCT  TEHSj. 

i.  Vve  were 

2.  I^eoryou  wer« 

•a-   iney  were 


ae 


! 

Ji 

a 


PKRFECT  TKir8«. 

I  Lave  been  ■    «,     *^'ura!. 

Tiiou  hast  been  q    v     ^^"^^  ^®®" 

He  hath  or  has  been  't'  Vt  """  /""  ^'^^e  l»«l 

^'  1  hey  have  been 


'    r  had  been 

^f    Thou  hadst  been 

»    He  iiad  been 


PLOPERFKCT  TENSE. 


1-  We  had  been 

i  rip  '''■/«"  imd  been 
•^    A«ey  had  been 


'''KSTFUTOht  TENSE. 

•Sing-ular 

'    ^  shall  «r  wi]I  be  i  «r     P^^'al. 

f    Thou  Shalt  or  wilt  be  8  T®  ^^*"  ''''  ^"'  l>^ 

1 3.  He  shall  or  wUl  be  q  tk  '"'  ^/»"  «^a^l  or  m\\  hi 

^  T  iiey  shall  or  will  be 

"^^^^OWD  FUTURE  TEXSE. 

.  "Singular.  ^i 

/    1  shall  have  been  i  vu     T^"''*^- 

W    Thou  wilt  have  been  o  v  ^^    '*"  ^'*^«  b*®" 

13  Hu  will  have  been  q  ^f  u  ''''  -^^  ^''^  *^ave  be«i 

^.  Ihej  will  have  been 


,  Singular. 

N    Let  me  be 


Imperative  Mode. 


1    r      ^^"'•J- 

J.  Lettisle 


Sin^ii 


ar 


Potential  Mode. 

PREsKNT  TBNSE. 


i   i.."''^3'  or  can  b* 


I  Se"i':":^'i  - .«-' "» 3.  Y?.rvL":.:?.^. 


Plural 


He  may  or  can  bo 


^    ^^ey  may  orcan^)e 


fiWOLISH  GRAMMAA. 
IlfP£RFCCT  TCN8E. 

i.  I  might,  could,  would  or  1     IV        •  ^*'- 

.    ,^  should  bo    '              *"^  *•  ^«  »"'ff^»t,  could,  would 

»   Thou    ^ightst,    couldst,  2   Ye'oV'""^^ '*^ 

wouIdHt  or  shouldst  bJ  wll^"""  '"u^*'^'  «""^^^ 


t  He 


rai^ht,  could,  would    3   T\.T       T  '*^''"^**  '^o     ' 
rsgouldbe  '^^  ^^^'^^'"'fe'ht,  could,  woiilf' 

<'»•  should  be 

?  PERFECT  TENSE. 

.     I  ;nay  or  can  have  been       1    W«r>;  " 

8-  Thou    mayst    or    canst    o   v       '"--^  "^^^"^avobt.r 

3.  He  may  or  can  have  been    3  ThlT""  ^""^^ 

*J.   Ihey   rnay  or  can  huve 
been 


PLUPERFKCT 

».  I  murht  could,  would,  or    \ 

should  have  been 
*    l^ou    mightst,    couldst,    2 

wouldst    or    ehouldst 

nave  been 
3   He  might,  could,  would     3 

or  should  have  been 


Subjunctive  Mode. 


TENSE. 

We  miffl.t,  could,  would 
or  should  have  bt-ojj 

1^«  or  you  mi^rht,  could 
would  or  should  have 
been 

They  might,  could,  wouk 
or  should  have  been 


1  Tflbe®'"^^"- 

2  If  thou  be 
1   (fhebe 


PRKSENT  TENSE. 

1-  11  we  be 

2.  Uye  or  you  b« 

3.  Jf  they  be 


I.  11 1  were 
••  If  thou  wert 
3.  If  he  were 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

1    Ff      ^^"'"^' 
^.  II  we  were 

2.  If  ye  or  you  were 
Th«  ro.     •  •  "  ^"®y  were 

Infiiiitive  Mode. 
Present,  Tc  be  »    /•       „, 

""  '*«'*/cc/,  To  have  boon 


"ral. 

t'iit,  could,  ^Ol,|^ 

'ould  be 

Kou  might,  coitid 

a  or  should  be 

'ght,  couJd,  wojilf' 

ould  be 


ral. 

"^  can  have  bt  er 

ou   may  or  cat 

>een 

ay  or  can  huve 


al. 

tj  could,  would 
lid  have  buo)j 

or  should  have 

It,  could,  wouk 
Id  have  been 


37 


ib« 


<^'ompound  perfect,  Ilavh, ,  boen'"*'  ^^» 
**P«at  the  Fir«t  p  *        ** 

-»«  -  '1.0  .«oao„T„  terfir"*"'"  »'•«  «»  .-«.  . 

1^      1  ACTIVE. 

'  favour 
I  love 


{^perfect. 
i  favoured 
J  loved 


^«j/>r<  ParttripU 
t avnured 
i-«oved 


.  J  xovea  r  — '*'"« 

TO  LOVE. 
Indicotive  Mode. 

„    ,,       Singular.      ''^^^^^'^  tbnse 

J'    'love  Plural. 

|«  7'hou  lovest  n  ^*  ^®  love 

\  ''-  «H  or  U  loveS?7;    I  ?LTCe  ^- 


rwed®^^"^*' 

Thou  Jovedst 
He  iovfid 


r  I,,     ^'"ffular. 
'  navo  loved 
J^f'oi,  hast  loved 
"**  hath  or  has  loved 


IMPFRFBCT  TENSE. 

*•  We  lovsd 

|.  jTeorrouWed 
'»•  IJiey  loved 

m:rf«ct  t£nss. 

•   --_     PIw«I 
n*  V  ^  '^ave  .oved 


9   V  "  *^^®« 

^-  They  have  Joved 


S8 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR. 


"ii 


i     I 


PLUPERFBCT   TXNBB. 

'  had  ovod  1.  We  had  loved 

Thou  hadst  loved       2  Ye  or  you  had  lorad 
"»  had  loved         3.  They  had  loved 

FIRST   PVTURK   TENSX. 

I   u  ,,  ^'"ff"^"-  Plural. 

I  shall  UT  will  love  1.  We  shall  or  will    jre 

2.  Yj)  or  you  shall  or   «i 
love 

3.  They  shall  or  will  love 


1 
I 

3 


i  Thou  shall  Of  wilt  love 
3.  He  ihall  or  will  love 


1. 

8. 
3. 


I 
3. 


SKCOND    FUTURE    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural 

I  shall  have  loved  1.  We  shall  have  Icved 

I  hou  will  have  loved  2.  Ye  or  you  shall  have  love,' 

He  will  have  loved  3   They  will  have  loved 

Imperative  Mode. 
Singular.  Plural 

U.  me  love  I    Let  us  love  HovJ 

lx>ve  thou,  or  do  thou  love  2.  Love  ye  or  you,  or  do  v« 
Ut  htm  love  3.  Let  them  love  ' 


1 


Potential  Mode. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural 

I  may  or  can  love  1.  We  may  or  can  love        i 

^    I  hou  maysl  or  canst  love  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or  cm 

3.  He  may  or  can  love  3.  They  may  or  can  love 

IMPXRFPCT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1    I  might  could,  would  or  1.  We  might,  could    svouldl 

Bhouldlove  or  should  love 

V    Ihou    mightst,    couldst,  2   Ye  or  you  might,  could, 

WQul  i  3t  or  shouldst  love  would  or  should  love    I 

3.  He  nijght,  could,  would  3.  They  might, could,  wouldl 

or  should  love  or  should  love 

PERFECT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

I.  I  may  or  can  have  loved      1.  We  mav  or  can  havulove^ 
K.   i  hou  ma/St  or  canst  have  2.  Ye  or  you  may  or 
,   Joved  have  loved 

i.  Heraaj.'can  lave loved    3.  They  may  or  can  hai 

loved 


«oim  1 
or  erf, 
formei 
fhcdl  I 

A  r 

perfee 

aJl  its 

I  tense, 

Quest 


PIufmL 
loved 

Dii  bad  lorad 
d  laved 

lural. 

I  or  will   yw^ 
ou  shall  or   91)1 

ill  or  will  love 

lural 

\  have  Icved 

E  shall  have  love*' 

II  have  loved 


lural 

p«  noTtij 

or  you,  or  do  f«| 
love 


lural. 

or  can  love 

ou  may  or  eta*  I 

jT  or  can  love 

ural. 

t,  could    svouidl 

d  love 

I  might,  couldj 

r  should  love    I 

ht,  could,  would] 
Id  love 

iral. 
rcanhftvelQi 


BTYMOLOGT.  qa 

PLUPERrcCT   TDKSI 

^    Singu.ar  p       . 

I    '  ni'jrht,  could,  would  or  1    We  mJ^'.         ij 
.      ih  mid  have  l.,ved  ®  "^'^''h  u''^^'^'  ^^^^'^ 

I    Thou    niightst,    couldst  2   vf    '^"''^  ^^^^^  ^"^^*^ 

have  loved  ^  ^"^""'^  ^'^  «^»»"W  have 

•   H(^  might,  could,  would    3    The7m!,,»,*  «     i^ 

•'•  Bhould  have  loved  ^^«y  "light,  could,  wou?4 

Subjunctive  Mode. 

PRKSEKT   TK58E. 

.   Ifllov!^"^"^"  ,    ,,         Plural. 

2  Iftiioulove  •  o   Jj^«^«ve 

&.  If  he  love  g  {j^  J".®  «you  lov© 

Infinitive  Mode. 

^reseni  To  love.  p    r  .   ,«    . 

Pcr/«cf ,  To  have  loved 

Participles. 
''resent,  Lor'mg.  n    r  .   ^ 

-       *^     -  Perfeety  Loved. 


PASSIVT 

orctf    totheverb;    as,  from  the  verb   r«  / Jl    ?* 
formed  the  nassivi*    t\^  '  i"c  \ero   Jolove^  u 

'kail  be  loLdX    '  ^"'^   '  """  '^•*'^  ' 

Ka»e,  in  the  following  manned"""'    '"""'''  *"" 


40 


Singrular. 

*  I  am  kived 
J   Thou  art.  loved 

•  He  is  loved 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR 

TO  BE  LOVED 
Indicative  Mode. 

PRE»ENT  TENSE. 


'?"'  ■ 


'•»i,'-'l 


,  __      Plum. 

J-  VVe  ari  loved 
A   Inejarelovoii 

IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

Singular.  p,      , 

'    I  wap  loved  |    ^^        Plural. 

J.  Thou  wast  loved  o    v  ®  ^®'®  ^^^®^ 

3.  He  wae  loved  t  i?  '^''  3^""  were  loved 

A   ihejr  were  loved 

rERPECT  TENSE. 

1    T  L        Singular.  _- 

I.  I  have  been  loved  i    w    .     *^"''aJ 

2'  Thou  hast  been  loved  2   vf.         ^^"  '^^«<J 

3.  He  hath   or    haa    been  ^  t^  r"  ^'^^^ '^^^^  ^o^  i 

,  loved  ''®®'*  3-  ^^ej  have  been  loved      ' 

I         t  o-         ,        ""I-l^PERPECT  TENSE. 

-    -  ,        oingrular. 
j  1.  I  had  been  loved  i    T5ir    i_    '^^"^a'- 

I  2-  Thou  hadst  been  loved        2    vl.     "^  ^'l^"  ^°^«^ 

3.  He  had  been  Wed  f'  t?      if "V  ^^^  ^^^n  loved  I 

3-  They  Rad  been  loved 

FIRST  FUTURE    TENSE 

ITU,,  ^^"^"Jar.  p 

I'  I  shall  or  will  bo  Invo/i         i    T»r         "lurtL. 

»  Th„„  Shalt 'IrTi^fh,    2  ?^7'"'"  "^  ""•<"'"»rf  i 
lovod  "^"^    ■»    ^'7 '"•/on  shall,,  will  b° 

loved  I 

SECOND   FUTURE   TINBB. 

■   »  i      Sing-ular.  -»,  i 

I   I^jhall  have  been  loved        1.  W«  .uJ}^"^  .        .        I 
'    -^""u    win    have    been    2   v "   """  "^^^  noen  Icvedi 
Jovcd  ^'^'^    2-  ^f/'- jou  will  have  beeJ 

»•  He  will  have  been  loved     3  rtltr  u 

A  1  hey  wil.  have  bc«»«  loved 


I   1 


R 


?-: 


s,' 

r 


ETVAfOLOJfY 

Imperative  Mode. 


41 


I    Ut  me  be  loved  i    r  .        ^^"^al- 

tf   Be  hou  loved,  ^r  do  thou    2   vL  "*  **  ^^^'^'^ 

bp  Ipvod  "''  "*°*    ^-  ^e  ye  or  you  loyed,  p-  d. 

I  Let  fum  be  loved  o    r  ^®  ^*'  ^o^e*^ 

"»•  ^e^  them  be  loved 

Potentia.  Mode. 

,    ,  Singular.     ''^^^^^^  ^«^-sb. 

o   l^'^y  ^'^  can  bo  loved  1    w«  n,  ^^"'''^• 

^.  Ihou  niayst  or  canst  be  2   v;      ""^  ^''  ^^'^  b«  '^red 

loved  *>«  2.  Ye  „r  you  may  or  can  u2 

3  He  may  «r  can  be  loved  3  r^^'^ 

Sh.gular/'*""'^^^^^  ^^««^. 

'•   1  mi^rht,  could,  would    or      I     W  ^'^'^I. 

HhouJdbelov'ed   ^''"    ^'  ^«  f^^Y^>  eould,  would, 
8-  Thou   nngh J^l  couldat     9   vr  '^^"^^  ^«  loved        ' 

3-  He  mi.ht,  could,  would    3   T^^"^• 

or  should  be  loved  ^^  ^^'^y^^'S^t,  could;  would 

or  should  be  loved 
,    ,  Singular.     ''^^^^^^  ^^--SB.     ^ 

'    '  J^'^y^  ^r  can  have  been     1    \v        ^'^"'■*^- 

loved  ^«^°     1.  We    may   «,  can    have 

^   Thou    mayst    or    can.t    o   ^  ''''"  ^"^^^ 

'lave  been  loved  ''•  ^f   ^'^ /"'»   may  or  can 

3    lio  may  o,  can  have  been  3   T^''^  ^'"^"  ^  ^^^^ 

loved  ^^«"  3   They  ,nay  «,  can  hav« 

been  loved 

Singular."""'^''"^"'  ''^^'^' 
8    1    might,    co"jld,    would      1    w        .^^^'al 

J^Ji-u    mightst,    couldst  2   vi"''^^ 

wonld«t«rshould.tirJi  ^'  ^«  ^^r""  miffht.  a.nrf. 

neon  joved               "     '  ^'0"W  «^  should  hav« 

»    »Io  n„^.ht,  could,  would  a  r^J^^"  V«d 

.«u       .        I  r   !^^"ld    iWe    been  T^ ""^'^^ could, would 

ve  bo«.«  Wed  ■  ^oved  """^^  or   shouid   have    beM 

■  4 «  loved 


Pluitt 
loved 

^ou  are  torad 
re  loved 


Plural. 
re  loved 
f>u  were  loved 
are  loved 


Mural 

'  been  loved 
•  have  been  lovetf 
^e  been  loved 


ural. 

•een  loved 
had  been  loved 
been  loved 


42 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAB. 


I 
I 
I 


f 

i 

3 

k 


Subjunctive  Mode. 

l*RE«i:NT  TEKSE. 

« I  be  loved  ,    ,-         fmral. 

«  tiou  be  loved  o    rr     ®  ^®  ^«^«d 

If  he  be  loved  i'  }J.3;o  «' /ou  be  ^red 

J.  If  they  bo  loved 

.,,      Singular.  '"'"'"^^  "-«•, 
lU  were  loved  i    t^         Plural, 

if  thou  v/ert  loved  o    ic  ^®  ^^'«  ^oved 

If  he  were  loved  o"  /i  ^f®  *""  ^o^  were  IotM 

The  remaining  ten^n.  .r  .  ^^^  "^^'^  '^^^^ 

^  to  .ao  -e;s-^:rrt  rrx-i-'-^ 

Participlt'       ''"'^"'°^'^- 
^resetUf  Beine  loved         »    ^ 

IRREGULAR  VERBS. 

Irregular  verbs  are  of  r«^  ,ro^- 
1      ^3^   G    u       ,  ^  '^  vanous  sorts : 

"abode"'*  ^^rfect  Participle 

abode 


Abide 


sold 


ROld 


Ural. 

loved 

lovod 

iral. 
)  Joved 

►I  vvereloTBil 
re  loved 

j^enofal,  Bimi 
tive  mode. 


79  been  loved 


n  loved, 
oved. 


8.    (*)  Such  as  have  the  impoifect  t*^nu^  .^a 
perfect  participle  different;  as,  *'*'^ 

5  )  Why  P  V..o«,  .  H^h„  r'f  ^il;«  ^«^'  -^  (See  p. 
frregiiJar  verbs?  3.  DescriL' f I.«  «  ♦  '"^"y  ^**'*8  »< 
ond  5.  Thethird  RpnoV.u  ^''^^^'''^'  4.  The  sec- 
and  the  perfect  Ses,  Te:L'i7J:T'  '^^  ?P^'^«^^' 
participles,  ofthe  following  verbs.  ^^'»i>«"«d   perfect 

The  following  list  of  the  irreffular  verh«  mriii 


AM«       abode        abode       abiding 
Awfka      "T        "^««"       ^"s4 
bare         born         bearing 

b^rne        bearing 

beaten    > , 

beat        I  boating 

bpTun       beginning 
Bere'ave   bereft  r    bereft  «    ^"'^'"? 

KW(?         bound       bound       binding    ^ 

bitten     > ...      ® 
bit  <  biting 

bled 

blown 

broken 

bred  urueanigr 

brought    brough:     bringing 
built         built         ^-••'-    ** 


,    Comp.Perf, 
itwving  abode 
been 
arisen 
awaked 


u 

« 


Bind 
Bite 


Bleed 

Blow 

Break 

Breed 

Brin 

Bull 

n 


began 
bent 


bound 
bit 

bled 
blew 
broke 
bred 


our 


si        burst         burst 


bleeding 
blowing 
breaking 
brooding 


bllilHintv 

S 


bui 


^ -...,„  wurHi  DUrf 

C2  ^:y'''      .^""ff'"      buy 


•sting 


cast 


mg 


CaA^h       "*"■•.        cast  casting 

^a63li       cauffht  R.  caught  r.  catchin 


<( 

u 
it 
u 
It 
< 

« 
•< 

M 
<( 
II 
tt 

ti 
tt 

u 


nff 


born 

borne 

beaten 

begun 
bent 
bereft » 
besougttt 
bound 

bitten 

iled 

blown 

broke 

bred 

brougJn 

Duilt 

burst 

bought 

cast 

taught  R 


44 


ENGLiSH    GRAMMAR. 


I  ^  . 


Pres.  Pan. 

*  chiding 
choosing 


CCOMT 

Creep 
Cut 


vcnturt 

Deal 

Diff 

Do^ 

Draw 

Drive 

Driiik 

Dwell 

Eat 

Fall 

Feel 

Fi^ht 
Find 
Flee 
Flinff 


dealt 
duff  R. 

drew 
drove 
drank 


crowed 

crept 

wit 

dared 

dealt  R. 

dug  R. 

done 

drawn 

driven 

drunk 


clinffi  \g 
clotnihg 
coininar 


dwelt  R.    dwelt  r. 
eat,  or  ate  eaten 


fed 

lelt. 

fought 

found 

fled 

flung 

flew 


fallen 

fed 

felt 

fought 

found 

fled 

flung 

flown 


x^ "     ,       "^"  no  wn 

Fr)rHake    forsook     forsaken 
i"  rooza     froze 


Get 

GiJd 

Gird 

'»ive 

Ga 

Gravo 

G/ind 

Glow 

Hare 

fi*   ■•£■ 

Hear 
Bew 


got 
gilt  R. 
girt  R 
gave 
went 


frozen 
got 
gilt  R. 
girt  R. 
given 
gone 


graved     graven 
ground     ground 
^^^"^        grown 
nad  had 

iiung  R. 
heard 
hewn  R. 


illiUg    R 

heard 
hewod 


crowing; 
creej)ing 
cutting 

daring 

dealing 
digging 
doing 
drawing 
driving 
drinking 
dwelling 
eating 
falling 
feeding 
feeling 
fighting 
nnding 
fleeing 
flinging 
flying 
forsaking 
freezing 
getting 
gilding 
girding 
giving 
going- 
graving 
grinding 

growing 
aving 
hanging 
hearing 
hewing 


« 


Pruent.     ImptrftcU     Per/.  Part. 

Chide       chid       ^  ciiidden ) 
r-u  ,  i  chid       ) 

^ftickSurnGVl^AIL 

aanere  J 

,^^®\'«  Jclove,or>cIeft      )     , 

^f?lii  ichil       J  clove    (  ^loav.ng  u 

CMg       clung     'clung.  ^ 

J^JcJio      clothed     clad  R. 

t-ome       camo        corne 

crow  R 

creot 

cut 
Dare,  to  i  , 
vcruure  P""' 


Comp.  PtTf, 
having  cluddea 
chosen 


u 

u 
n 

u 
u 


u 

It 
l< 
II 
it 


u 

tl 

u 

It 

u 

it 

u 

u 

u 

tl 

u 

u 

u 

it 

ft 

tt 

tt 

tt 

<c 

tt 


cleft 

slun^ 

clad  R. 

corne 

crowed 

crept 

cut 

dared 

dealt  B 
dug  R. 
done 
drawn 
driven 
"       drunk 
"       dwelt  R. 
eaten 
•fallen 
fed 
felt 
fought 
found 
fled 

fluag 

flown 

forsaiiet 

frozen 

got 

gilt  R. 

girt  a. 

given 

gone 

graven 

ground 


Town 


"       hung  E. 
"       heard 
**      hewn  B 


£TYMOLOGI. 


Prftwmt 

Bide 


fl>t 

Hold 

Koei> 

Knit 

Kno^ 

Lade 

Lay 

Lead 

Leave 

Lend 

Let 

Lie,  to    i  J 

Uc  down  I  ^y 


Tmperfect     Per/.  Part.  Prcs.  Part 
)  'lidden   ^ 
^hid 

hit 

held 

kept 

knit  R. 

known 

laden 

laid 


4d 


hid 

hit 

held 
kept 
knit  R 
know 

laded 

laid 

led 

left 

lent 

let 


.  Load 
I  ose 
ft/ake 
lUeet 
Mow 
Pay 
Put 
Read 
Head 
Rid 

Ride 

Rinjr 

Rise 
Rive 
Run 

Saw 

Say 

See 

Seek 

Sell 

Send 

Set 

Shake 


loaded 

lost 

made 

met 

mowed 

paid 

put 

read 

rent 

rid 

rode 

(  rang 
rose 
rived 
ran 
sawed 
said 
saw 
soucrht 
sold 
sent 
set 
shook 


led 
left 
lent 
let 

lain 

laden  r. 

lost 

made 

met 

mown  R. 

paid 

put 

read 

rent 

rid 


>  hiding 

hitting 

hold  ng 

keoping 

knitting 

knowing 

lading 

laying 

leading 

leaving 

lending 

lettinir 

lying 

loading 

iosinw 

making 

meeting 

mowing 


or 


S  rode,  ar 
t  ridden 

I  '•ung 

risen 
riven 
run 

sawn  R 

said 

seen 

sou  jrhfc 

sold 

sent 

set 


paym^ 

putting 

reading 

rending 

ridding 

/  riding 

ringing 

rising 

rivmg 

runnmg 

sawing 

saying 

seeing 

seeking 

selling 

sending 

setting 


shaken     shakin<» 


Shape  shaped  ^  ^''^^pud  ) 

Slave  shaved      sh 

^f'ear  sheared    sh 

7^^«^  shed 


shajjen   ^  shaping 
shavinir 


lorn 
shed 


sheari 
shoddl 


Siiin«  ^"^'"^  shoddin 

fehiue    .  shone  r    shone  r.  shining 


no 


Iff 


u 

(< 
« 

t 


tavi.^  aidd«]| 

"       hit 
held 
kept 
knit  R. 
known 
laden 
laid 
fed 
left 

lent 
let 

lain 

Jade^.  «. 

lost 

mstdf 

inGt 

mow'«  B 

paid 

put 

read 

rant 

rid 

rode 


< 

u 

it 

u 

it 

u 

u 

u 

u 


< 

f 

■tc 

u 

u 

.t 

u 

u 

it 

(t 


tt 

.4 
u 
{» 


rung 

risen 

riven 

run 

^awn  h 

said 

seen 

sought 
sold 

sent 
set    * 
shakea 

ciiaped 

shaven  5 
shorn 
shed 
shone  «, 


19 

PrMont 

Show 

Shoe 

8hoot 

Shrink 

Bhrod 

Shot 

i.t 
Pby 

Slin^ 
Slink 

Slit 

Smite 

S>w 

Speak 

Speed 

Spend 

SpiU 

Spin 

Spread 

Spring 

Stano 
Steal 
Stick 
Sting 

Stride 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


Imperfect 

showed 

shod 

shot 

shrunk 

shred 

shut 
5  ^^ng 
(  sang 
sat 
slew 
slept 
slid 
slunff 
slunk 


I 


Per/  Part 

shown 

shod 

shot 

shrunk 

shred 

shut 


Strike 
String 
Strive 
Swear 
Sweat 
SwoU 

S»im 

Swinff 

Take 

I'ear 

Tell 

Think 

Thrive 


slit  R.      < 

smote 

sowed 

spoke 

sped 

spent 

spilt  R. 

spun 

spread 
S  sprung  ) 
)  sprang   5 

stood 

stole 

stuck 

stung 
J  strode 
)  strid 
struck 
strung 
strove 
swore 
swet  R. 
Bwellea 
S  swam     J 
{ swum     I 
swung 
took 
tore 
told 

tliought 
thiove  R. 


I 


sung 

sat 

slain 

slept 

slidden 

slung 

slunk 
J  slit,  or    ) 
\  slitted     \ 

smitten 

sown  R. 

spoken 

sped 

spent 

spilt  R. 

spun 

spread 

sprung 

stood 
stolen 
stuck 
stung 

stridden 


Pres.  Part. 

showing 

shoeing 

shooting 

shrinking 

shredding 

shutting 


stricken 
strung 
striven 
sworn 
swet  R. 
swollen  R 


smging 

sitting 

slaying 

sleeping 

sliding 

slinging 

slinking 

slitting 

smiting 

Bowing 

speakmg 

speeding 

spending 

spilling 

spinning 

spreading 

springing 

standing 
stealing 
sticking 
stinging 

striding 


striking 

stringing 

striving 

swearing 

sweating 

.swelling 


Camp 
t.aving 


swum       swimming 

swingnig 

takino" 

tearing 

telling 

thinking 

thriving 


swung 

taken 

torn 

told 

thought 

thriven 


u 
u 
u 
it 

tt 

u 
ft 
ti 

ti 
tt 

M 


tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 

tt 

tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 

tt 

tt 
tt 

u 
( 

*4 
M 

U 

tt 
It 
tt 
ti 
tt 
U 


shot^n 

shod 

shot 

shrunk 

shred 

shut 

sung 

sat 

slain 

slept 

sliddon 

slunff 

slunk 

sit 

smitten 
sown  R. 
spoken 
sped 
spent 
spilt  R. 
spun 
spread 

sprung 

stood 
stolen 
stuck 
stung 

stridden 

stricken 
strung 
striven 
sworn 
swot  R 
swollen  K 

swum 

SMTing 

taken 

torn 

told 

th  aught 

thriven 


omp   Imrf 

ing  shovrn 
shod 
shot 
shrunli 
shred 
shut 

sun^ 

sat 

slain 
slept 
sliddon 
slunff 

slunk 
sit 

smitteo 
sown  R. 
spoken 
sped 
spent 
spilt  R. 
spun 
spread 

sprung 

stood 
stolen 
stuck 
stung 

stridden 

stricken 
strung 
striven 
sworn 
swot  R 
swollen  K 

swum 

swTing 

taken 

torn 

told 

thauirht 

thriven 


fiTTIHOLOGY. 


Throw 
Thrugt 
Tread 
Wax 

Wear 

Weavo 

Weep 

Win 

Wind 

^rinff 

Write 


4T 


threw 
thrust 
trod 
waxed 

wore 

wove 

wept 

won 

wound 

wrung 

wrote 

The  verbs  mki 


P^f.  Part.  Pres.  Part.  Comp.  Serf. 


thrust       thrusting 
trodden     treading 
waxen  R.  wajsing 


woi-n 

woven 

wept 

won 

wound 

wrung 

written 


wearing 

weaving 

weeping 

winning 

winding 

wringing 

writing 


14 

u 

li 

u 

u 

u 

u 

u 

It 

u 


thrust 

trodden 

waxen  ■ , 

isom 

woven 

wept 

won 

wound 

wrung 

written 


t 


irreirularlv"«;';'r«  '  (^^"®-^u""J"^'^'^^  regularly,  m  well  af 

Que>tu>n.    1.  What  ie  said  of  those  verbs  marked  !.» 
DEFECTIVE    VERBS. 

Defective  Verbs  are  (»)  those  which  are  u^pH 
only  m  some  of  their  mUes  and  ten  es;1^  "^^ 

Question.    1.  What  are  Defective  Verbs? 

.  Ferbs  to  be  canjufrated. 

i>onjugate  the  following  verbs  in  the  inHip«#v«  ^  a 
present  tense  ;  boat,  .rain,  ?ead,  eat  wl^',  i  W    ^^e^, t' 

Conjugate  the  following  verbs  in  the  imperative  mod« 
_VVr,te  the  following  verbs  in  the  infinitive  mode.  nr«.«n* 

♦hJ^'if^  ^^^  present,  perfect  and  compound  particinles  o* 
l^rietTaHir^'^^  ^""'^^^'  clisturb,;iease;know,t.^i:* 


'    ,1 


'  "-f 


48 


ENGLISH   UKAMMAK. 


ibH^se,  «„.u«,,  .hght,  enlighten.  di»i,leaso;  on™l„'pe,   li;:: 
tJoLJugate  tho  following  verbs  in  tlio  indifafivn  mn/i. 

VVri  n^^^^^  ^';;"e,  see,  go  eat,  ^rovv,  bring,  lo;«tke.  ' 

.*»nses   of  tlie  tZ"??'^'/"  T  P'^^^^'^t  and  pluperfect 
I,  I      I  ,^   potential  and  subjunctive  modes  •    Know 

'<>rlct  ar  d  I^  '"^1"^  7"'^'  '"  ^^'"^  ^dicative  mode,  im. 
.'or.cct  and  second  luture  tenses  of  tlie  nassive  vAipa  • 

«ons  s^i^cr  hr     f'''^';''.!  '^"'^'^  ''  .^**^'  '^^^^>"d  ^»d  third  per. 
sons  smgular  of  all  the  tenses  in  the  indicative  and  sX 

anotive  modes;  approve,  condemn,  mourn,  feeze  know 
wise,  drive,  blow,  investigate.  '  ''^*'*^^'*'  ^"°^» 

iv.rn  V^"  ^oljowin^  verbs  in  the  infinitive  and  irapera- 
.ive  modea,  with  their  particinles,  all  in  the  nassive  vofcJ?. 
wnbrace,  draw,  defeat,  smite.  •  ^***''* 

EXERCISES  IN  PARSING. 

Pronoun,  Verb,  JVoun,  &c.-<;ontinued. 
Qu.  Htions.    What  part  of  speech  is ? 

Wh^^^see  7\^ -^  %":  P-  /li^  '""'''^'^  P^^^^^«  «'  N«»ter^ 
*''  "y .  ^see  p.  .47.)   Repeat  the  present  and  the  imnprfpr.* 

lenses  the  fn^rfect,  present,  and  compound  perfornartkfi 
■Vh  T^y^  '^"^^"^'^'  Irregular,  or  Defective'    (.eeTsT^ 

tn/^.  te^  inX;  M;i^^r  ^-^  ^^^5  ^^ 

b«r  is  it  found '  '  '  ^ """"  *"<*  Nuin- 


?. 


Hope  animates  us 
He  will  have  determined 
We  shall  have  airreed 
})'» you  instruct  Tiim 
r  ropare  your  lessons 
!le  lives  respected 


It  can  be  enlarged 

To  have  been  admir*^  avai^v 

ed  him  little 
Ridiculed,     persecuted,    dfi 

spised,  he   maintained  km 

principles 


ri       •  .' "^  principles 

h«  pftir'17'""'  •"'  °'^''^-  l^''"M  ""ilod,  we  Wes, 


h«  retired 
Vn  iy  are  discouraged 
tie  was  condemned 
Wc  have  been  rewarded 
Bhe  had  been  admired 
Virtue  will  be  rewarded 
Let  Mm  be  ?.n!mai<?d 


Having  been  deserted,  he  bt 

came  discouraged 
You  may  discover  them 
1x8  might  Convince  utf 
It  would  bo  caressed 
I  may  have  been  deceived 
To  live  well  is  honorabl9 


KTYMOLOGY.  ^g 

To  havo  cohouered  himsfilf    \An^ 

wan  his  highest  malle        *   wu    ""^u'  P'"^^^^^^  himself/ 
They  h<,nor  us      ^  <J^^"M'  ^^^^e  ^e  served ? 

They  searched  the  rooms        All  h  '^  "*"■"  ^""'^'^^^'n 

Specimen. 
Hope  animates  us. 

ADVERB. 

adverb    ^»)  to  fllS  *"'*  sometimes  to  anothet 
.      stance  'respectlt'^!'  T"  ''"f'">'  "^  "^«""'- 

,S»ome  adverbs  are  compared  thus-    (3\    Vn^ 

tTat'  c5!;::f  ;j"^  ■""»-"-.  «-y  ».  reduced  t, 
Ias%;fi'„a",?;,,t''   --dly.  thirdly,  fourthly,  fifth,, 

2t:L?:;  i7h/.S",:^r:'":'H^,'r''"\-i' --y-here, 

upward,  downward,'  ftrward  ^'^''"t  '''^^"'  ">itber,' 
jj  We,  thence,  whithersoever,  '&c  ''""'''  *''«™«' 
Of  (im,  p„*™«  ;  as,  now,  to-day,  &o 

'.enoeforti,.  he.Icef^^Jrj'Tfri."."'  ^-et,    horoatl«, 
«..,  whU,  evjr,^  ncX;  ^^ij;;  r'''>-'  "'"-"ly,  u 


bO 


r  > 

in 

K  ■ 


.*»lll' 


I  J, J-  \  <\\ 


ENGLISH  GIUAIMAR. 


Orifr''"^-'*'''''''*  ^''  ^«^'  ^^3^'  wherefore,  whether  &« 

«r9   those  compared  which    «nH   io   /,. »       i.  "9* 

adverba  of  ^-^ier        Order        PlJ^e         r."T'  "" 
e»*^  Time  nn^t         tv        *  ^mce.         lime    pres- 

J>re^ation.    Inter  rogatian^cZparFso::!         4ffirmaUo^ 

EXERCISES  m  PARSING. 
Adverb,  &c. 
questions.     What  part  of  speech  s  -      —  ? 
ADVERB.    Of  what  class? 


/  baro  seen  him  once,  per 

haps  twice 
Ihirdly,  and  lastly    J  shall 

conclude 
ITiis  plant    is  found    here 

and  elsewhere 
Only    to-day    ig    properly 

ours 
Froiii   virtue   to    vice,    the 

progress  is  gradual 


We   often  re^I^g^  huJ  «e« 

dom  perform 
We   are  wisely  fod  h%un} 

ly  directed 
How  sweetly  the  biids  smfl 
Why  art  thou  so  heedless  t 
When  will  they  ai  rive  ? 
Where  shall  wo  ston  ? 
Mentally    and    bodily,    Wf 

are    curiously   and    won 

derfully   formed 


ni  Vf  mucrfi 


ETFMOLOOT.  At 

Spbcimer. 
I  hare  seen  him  ouce,  perhaps  Mre. 
Omet  k  an  idvorh  of  number. 
ferkapt  u  an  adverb  of  doubt. 

PREPOSITION. 
Prep.,s,t,ons  serve  («)  to  connect  words  with 

Uiem.     They  are  for  the  most  part  set  (»)   before 

^  Jhe  following  ,s  a  list  of  the  principal  p«,posi. 

into  above 

within  below 

without  between 

over  beneath 

under  fmrn 

through  beyond 


Of 

to 

for 

by 

with 

in 


at 
near 

down 

before 

behind 


off 

on  or  upon 

among 

after 

about 

ag-ainst 


^^rrHbe/fo/Sel^^^nrf^^^^^^^^^^^ 

placed  ?     What    in    thl  i  ^^^^^  ""^  'P^^^^^^  are  thei 

b     *^"  •  .  ♦^'^"J'l,  m   the   second  examnlp  ?     t-k^   *i-  j- 
Repeat  the  list  example ."     Ihe   third' 

EXi'RCrSES  IIV  PARSING. 

Prepositions,  &c. 

Questiojts.     Whai  part  of  speech  is 

PREPOSITION.     Whyr    (see  p.  11.) 

L?  ""^^  • ''°^  ^""  ^  P'^th  slowly,  but  went  bi  ^kIv  ». 

between  virtue  and  vice  asrain                        ^  "^ 

H3  hves  within  his  income      Bv  riilin-«nno   „^a  / , 

me  house   was  sold    at  a  "we  "arrivA  «f  T  ^'"p"^^ 

Bh*      came     down     sUirs  B/telSnthe  w. 


'iU    i! 


\'i  f 


!!!f 


^2 


KNOUail  GRAMMA H 


pfuiiged  into  now  dinicul-     Wo 
ties 


Of  his  talents  much  might 
be  said  ;  concrrning  liia 
Uito^iity,  notlunir     ^ 


are  often 
wishes  and 
doseriii 


be^ow 
above 


our 

OUf 


CONJUNCTIOxN. 
A  Conjunction  is   (i)  a  part  of  speech  th«     j 
r-toieily  used  to  connect  sentences;  so  as,  out  o1 
L^o  or  more  sentence's,  to  make  but  oat       (^)    F 
ftometimes  connects  only  words. 

Conjunctions  are  principally  divided    (h   intr 

CWO  SOas,  the  COPULATIVE  and  DISJUNCT. vi/ 

The  Conjunction  Copulative  serxes   (*)  to  cou 
nect  or  continue  a  sentence,  by  expressW,  an  aj, 

orotJier  reside  in  London ;     I  will  <ro  if  he  will 
arcompany  me ;     You  are  happy  becaJe  you  ^J 

The   Conjunction  Disjunctive  serves    (»)    not 
only  to  connect  and  continue  the  sentence,  bu 
also  to  express  opposition  of  meaning  in  differen 
degr.es ;  as.    Though  be  was  frequently  reprovea 
y.^  be  dui  not  reiorm ;    They  came  with  ller'S 
»vent  away  without  her.  ' 

tioi!?r  ^''"'''^'"^ '' ""  "'^  °^^*^^  p""^'p^J  ^^"j««c- 

'^'IL.?^' •'''''"?•     ^'^  ^"^'  ^^'-^t,  both,  for    therefore    if 
then,  smoe,  bcc;iuse,  wherefore.  "lererore,  if 

^  le  Drsjmutive..    (7)  But,  then,  tKouffh,  either    o<    m 

unless,  neither,  nor,  'est,  yet,  notwit^tinding'         " 

•  ,  ^'''^^^""'•^'-     '•    WJ'at   is  a  Conjimction?    8    Does  it 

.vvovs  connect  sentences?     3.    fiow  are  they  divklci     " 
4^    For   what   does   the   conjunction  copulative    serve  i 
l^H  Tim::^:'^'?  ^--  ^-^  example  .  'i,r^  er;^ 
i'u' .'    ■  "'^-""^CK        wniix  does  it  express  -^     What  rinft. 

»  tha  ,h  d       5    i'u,  what  does  the  conjunction  dk  un^ 


ITYMOLOGY. 


5a 


d^?ro6  of  opp„„tio„  exproswi  '  T'",f'  '"  "'°  f™"*" 
Wulauve  6nju„o.i„,„!"TTha  D^S''''  "*  "^ 

EXERCISES  IN  Parsing, 

Conjunction,  &o. 

«»«»««.    V,  aat  part  of  .peech  .. , 

^CONV„NCTiON.     Wh,.    (.„,.,,.^    ,,,.^^, 

much  received        our  wants  will  be  few       ' 

vTf^K^'  ij  often  advised,  vors'Iv^h?'''"*^>^'  "«'  »d- 
yet  lie  does  not  re'  He ra^^ln  V'-'^'T"'' ^^ni 
form  "      "e  is  as  old  as  his  classmate. 

Reproof   either    softens  or  Char  1^^^  ^'""*^^ 

hardens  its  object,  ^"arles    is     estoen^.d,    be- 

H.S  father  and  Another  and  and'Ln'  ",  ^"^'^  ^^«^^««t 

undo   reside  at   Rome  «..-"'''''''*'"' 

^L":i':r_*.^ -«^««on,  that 


•  -..„„  rti   ivome 
We  must  be   temperate,  if 

w;o  would  be  healthy 
it  he  vvere  encouruxred,  he 

would  amend  ' 

Thomrh  he  condemn  me,  I 

will  respect  him 
Their    talents    are      more 
bnijiant   than  useful 

^rT'^^K^'"^^"^    his     pov. 
erty    he   ,s  a  wise    and 
worthy   person 
Ho  will  be  detected,  though 
ho  deny  the  fact  ^ 


1  -,,  .  .^c,,  „^,| 

he  may  rise  early 

she'll'i  'T'-'-''^  ""!«« 
slie  be  admonished 

«e   can  acquire  no  virtue 

-less  he  make  some  sac' 

Let  him  that  standeth  wke 

iieed  lest  he  fall 
If  thou   vvert   his  superior, 

thou^^shouldst   no/  h..e 

^^>,^^38    promised,    i«. 
should  act  accordm^ly 


INTERJECTION. 
Interjectioxs   are   rn   «.^.^     .» 

»icii  01  emltionJfXTTir:^  '^  ^^P'-^^ss  the  p«*. 
aiieualed  my  friend  ^  AJ^H  f  '''/'V.  '  *^"«^^ 
'^irtu,  f  ho  J  amiabi;  thou  art  r    '''  ^"'  ^'^" '      ^ 


04 


ENGLISH  GKAAi'VlAK. 


'I 


u 


The  following  are  some  of  the  hiteijeaiong 
0!  pish!  heigh!  le  behold!  ah'  tush!  fie 
b  jsL  (   hail  I 

^  Questions.  I.  What  are  Int<;rjectionp  ?  VVljich  are  Che 
ir^erKJCtione  in  the  examples?  Repeat  lae  mtoriertioni 
\Xk*.  foUovi  •* 

EXERCISES  IN  PARSING. 
^  Interjections,  &c. 

iiuestions     What  part  of  speech  is  -   ? 

INTERJECTIGN.    Why?    (see  p.  12.) 


i),    peace !    how   desirable 

art   thou ! 
I  have  been  often  occupied, 

alas!     with   trifles 
Straiifre!  that  we  should  be 

so  infatuated 
Oh !     the    humiliations    to 

which  vice  reduces  us 
Ah  !   the  delusions  of  hope 


Hail  ?  simplicity,  source  of 
jronuine  joy 

Behold  !  hov*'  pleasant  it  is 
for  brethren  to  dwell  to- 
gether in  unity 

Welcome  aoain !  my  long- 
lost  friend 

Hark !  how  sweetly  the 
woodlark  sings  ' 

A  few  Instances  of  the  same   Words  constituting  several 
.    of  t/ie  Farts  of  Speech. 


Calm  was  the  day,  and  the 

scene  delightful 
We  may  expect  a  calm  after 

a  storm 
To  prevent  passion  is  easiei 

than  to  calm  it 
Better  is  a  littlo  with  con- 
tent   tnan  a    great  deal 

with  anxiety 
Vie  Cray  and  dissolute  think 

little     of    the     miseries 

which  are  stealing  softly 

■iler  them 
A  little  attention  will  rectify 

Home  errors 
f  longh  he  is  out  of  danger, 

ne  IS  still  afraid 
He  lahored  to  at'i    the  tu 

mult 


Still  waters  are  commonly 

deepest 
Damp  air  is  unwholesome 
Guilt  often   casts   a   damp 

over  our  sprightliest  hours 
Soft  bodies  damr  the  sound 

much    more   "luan    hard 

ones 
Though  she  is  rich  and  fair, 

yet  she  is  not  amiable 
They  are  yet  young;  and 

must  suspend  their  jx-Qg 

ment  yet  awhile 
Many    person*?    are    bett«8 

tha.n  ivn  HimnrtBo  ttiam  *<-kK« 
The  few  and  the  many  hav6 

their  prepossessions 
Few  days  pass  without  eonm 

clouds 


^^  tiont 
il    fie 

^  are  iht 
rjectioiu 


ETYMOLUUV, 


urce  of 

^ant  it  is 
Iwell  to- 

ly  long- 

tlj     tll6 

several 

mrnonly 

jsome 
EL   damp 
si  hours 
e  sound 
ti    hard 

ind  fair, 
able 
\g.  and 
ir  jr^g 

bett«8 

•  -  -  !  ¥  -.VT  8.r^ 

ny  ha  76 

18 

MX  eovM 


lfu«h  money  is  corrjptinff 
Thmk  much,  and  steak  ht- 
tie 

Ha  has  seen  much  of  the 

world,    and    been    much 

caressed 
His  years    are   more   than 

hers,  but  he  has  not  more 

Xnowledge 
The  more  we  a  e  blessed, 

the    more    grateful    we 

should  be 
The  desire  of  getting  more 

18  rarely  satisfied 
flo   has   equal    knowledge, 

but  mferior  judgment 

if  \^^^  in^rior  in  sense, 
tx7  ^^^^^^  ^"  prudence 

We  must  make  a  like  space 

between  the  lines 
Both  of  them  deserve  praise 
Every  being  loves  its  like 
Behave  yourselves  like  men 


59 


We  are  too  apt  to  Lie  per- 
nicious company 

^^.'"ay  go  or  stay,  •«  h« 

likes 

They  strive  to  learn 

He  goes  to  and  fro 

To  his  wisdom  we  owe  our 

privilege 
The  proportion  is  ten  to  one 
He   served   them    with  hif 

utmost   ability 
When  we  do  our  most,   na 

more  is  required 
I  will  submit,  for  submission 

bnn^s  peace 
It  is  for   our   health  to 

temperate 
p  !  for  better  times 
I  have  a  regard  for  him 
He   IS  esteemed,     both 
his  own  account,  and 
that  of  his  parents 


be 


on 
on 


Promtscumis  Exercises  in  Etymological  Parsing. 

In  your  whole  behaviour,  be  humble  and  obliffimr 
Virtue  IS  the  universal  charm  oDliging. 

True  politeness  has  its  seat  in  the  heart. 
Jl:^C'''  ^"^«--^«P^--,  rather  than  to  shine 

CW.passion  prompts  us  to  relieve  the  wants  of  other* 
^^A  good  mmd  is  unwilling  to  give  pain  tc"JSht  maToi 

J-r;^^rrcl.!r  ^"  "^^"  ^'«^"->  ^'-  ^"^-^  ^^^ 

Discontent  otV3n  nourishes  nassion-  ««.,„ii,.  ^»i: 

la  trie  cottage  and  m  the  palace.  '■'""•^'  '"'"'S"^"^ 

^A^great  proportion  of  human  evils  is  created  by  0M^ 


56 


ENGLISH   GKAxmiAH. 


II 


. 


If  greatnace  flatters  our  vanity,  it  mulf  ipiiea  our  ite» 

To  our  own  failings  we  are  commonly  blind. 
.*nV;f.  ^'^'^.'J^^^P^  of  young  persons  arc  often  founded  oa 

Engrave  on  your  minds  this  sacred  rule  : 
Oo  unto  otk-rs  as  you  wish  that  they  should  ^  unto 

Truth  and  candor  possess  a  powerful  cha'-ra  r  thev  be. 
*poak  universal  favor.  '       ^ 

After  the  iirat  departure  from  sincerity,  it  is  seldom  in 
our^power  to  stop  :  one  artifice  generally  leads  on  to  an 

-.  J'''''P*f  ^^'^  vivacity  of  youth  with  a  proper  mixture  of 
«enous  thought.  . 

The  spirit  of  true  religion  is  social,  kind  and  cheerful. 
L.et  no  compliance  with  the  intemperate  mirth  of  others 
,  ever  betray  you  into  profane  sallies. 

duUeroTti^i^^fif  "^  another  world,  we  must  not  neglect  the 

The  manner  in  which  we  employ  our  present  time  may 
ilecKle  our  luture  happmess  or  misery. 

Happiness  does  not  grow  up  of  its  own  accord:  It  ^ 
the  truit  of  long  cultivation,  and  the  acquisition  of  lah^ 
%nd  care.  ^ 

» 

OF    DERIVATION. 

Y^'ords  are  derived  (n  a  one  another  (M  ii 
Tarious  ways,  viz.  *  ■ 

1.  (^)   Substantives  are  derived  from  verb«» 
as,  frcm  to  love,  comes  lover, 

2.  (3)  Verbs  are  derived  from  substantives 
adjectives,  and  sometimes  from  adverbs;  as,  from 
ialt^  3omes  to  salt ;  from  warm,  comes  to  wa  m^ 
t  OVA  forward,  comes  to  forward,  ' 

^  3.  (4)  Adjectives  are  derived  from  sub5taik« 
;3ves  J  as,  from  health,  c  )mes  healthy. 

4.  (fij  Substantives  are  derived  from  &dieA> 
tiTes     as,  from  ichite,  cames  whiteness,  ""  ' 

6.  («)  Adverbs  are  derived  from  adjectiv«fl| 
*3,  inm  base,  comes  basely. 


SYNTAX 


M 


6  ro-orth.    6.  Fifth  '■  ^'"'  "*"'"^-     *•  ^''i'd 


SYNTAX. 

.rJ.'"'  ^'fnP^"^  "'"  <3rammar  is  Syntax,  xvh?  b 
Ueats  of  (I)  the  agreement  and  construction  ol 
woras  in  a  sentence. 

A  simple  sentence  has  in  it  (*)  butoaesubjV  t, 
and  one  hnite  verb ;  as,'  Life  is  short.  •*    ^ 

A  compound  sentence  contains  (*)  two  or  more 

simple  sentences,  joined  together  b/  one  or  mo  e 

.  connective  words ;  as.  Life  is  short,  and  art  is  long! 

A  phrase  is  («  two  or  more  words  rightly  nu 
together,  making  sometimes  part  of  a  senten^ce 
and  sometimes  a  whole  sentence  »""ence, 

r7WK*  Pll'.'^'P'''  P""'  °^  *  ^'-"P'e  sentence  are. 
(';  the  subject,  the  attribute,  and  the  object.        ' 
The  subject  is  (8)  the  thing  chiefly  snoken  of 
the  attrib,,te  is   («   'the  thiug^r  ac&tel 

^ffirbVsU'actr  ^-  ''^"''  '^  (">  ^'^  ^'^ 
The  nominative  denotes  the  subject,  and  usu 
rily  goes  before  the  verb  or  attribute;    and  tU 

?eib,    as,   A  wise   man    governs    his   Dass/org 
tmmis  the  subject;  governs,  the  attrib'ite 
ling  affirmed ;  and  pasnons,  the  object 
Titai  principally  consists  of  two  parts.     "' 
r5rd  and  Government  *    ' 


ti 


I'S'i 


^9  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (RUUJ    1. 

Concc-d  IS  /9)  the  agreement  which  one  word 
aas  with  aiiodier,  in  gender,  number,  case,  or  per- 
ion.  '      ^ 

Government  is  (W,  that  power  which  one  paxi 
of  speech  has  over  another,  in  directing  its  mode, 
^nse,  tir  case 

Qyestions.  1.  Of  what  doea  Stiitax  treat  2  Wnii 
tf  1  ytntence?  3.  How  many  funds  P  4,  What  has  i| 
S:mpIo  sentence  in  it  ?  Which  word  denotes  the  ^iibiect, 
in  the  example  ?  Which  the  verb  ?  5.  What  does  a  Com- 
pound sentence  contain  ?  What  two  simple  ser.tences 
form  ^ne  compound,  m  the  example  ?  By  what  are  they 
connected  ?  (>.  What  is  r  Phrase  ?  7.  What  a-e  the 
principal  parts  of  a  simple  sentence  ?  8.  What  is  the 
Subject  ?  9.  The  Attribute  ?  10.  The  Object  ?  Which 
IS  the  subject,  which  the  attribute,  and  which  the  obiect. 
in  the  example?  11  Of  what  does  Syntax  principalW 
concist  ?  12.  What  is  Concord  >  13  What  is  Goiert 
ment"* 


RULE   I, 

A  verb  must  agree  with  its  nominative  case  in 
number  and  person ,  as,  1  learn ;  Thou  art  irr^ 
proved;     The  birds  sing. 

Questions.    Of  what  number  and  person  is  ham  7   A 
t  irst  person  sinjrular  number.      Q.   Why .'    A    Bocausi 
Its  nominative  /is  of  the  first  person,  singular  number,  and 
the  rule  says,  "A  verb  must  agree,*'  &c.    What  numbei  if 
an  improved  •    Why  ?     Sing  ?    Why  f 

Specimen  of  Parsiito 
Hope  animates  us. 

Mivrntes  Is  a  regular  verb  active,  indicative  mryla 
J'flsent  tense,  third  person,  singular  number,  agreeing  witi 
its  nonunative,  hope;  agreeably  to  the  rule  wbicii  ••»■. 
•  A  verb  must  agree,"  &c  '^ 

Exercises  in  Parsing . 
J^n4  *^**"^®"^®*^   '"^"^   spreads  ease  and   cheerf«rie» 


RrLE    1.)  SYNTAX.  5g 

The  schiol  of  exponenTe  teaches  many  nseful  lessoM. 
Jhti  the  oath  of  life  are  many  thorns,  a?  well  as  flower* 
Ihou  shouldst  do  justice  to  all  men,  e /en  to  eueraiea 

False  SyiUix  to  be  corrected. 
Fifty  pounds  of  wheat  contains  forty  pounds  of  flour.* 

fcrvTrt  tVself!*^  ^''^^  *^^  nelghboLl  as  sincerely  as  thou 

Note  1.  The  infinitive  mode,  or  part  of  a  sentence,  if 
^^metunesput  as  the  nominative  case  to  the  verb;  as. 
To  pUiy  18  pleasant ;     To  he  good  is  to  be  happy.  ' 

questions.  Is  the  infinitive  mode,  or  a  partofasenr 
fence,  put  as  the  nominative  case  in  the  first  example  ? 
What,  in  the  next  example  ? 

Specimen  or  Parsino. 

To  play  is  pleasant. 
To  play  is  a  verb  in  the  infinitive  mode,  and  put  as  th« 
nominative  ease  to  the  verb  is;  agreeably  to  the  note 
which   says,    "The    infinitive   mode  or  part    of  a   sen- 
tence, '  &c. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

To  will  is  present  with  me,  but  how  to  perform  thai 

which  IS  ^ood,  I  find  not.      To  err  is  human,  to  forgive 

aivme.       lo  countenance  persons  who  are  guilty  oAad 

actions,  IS  scarcely  one  remove  from  actually  coiiimitting 


-.r.Al!  ^?"°T  "^  example,  together  with  the  question* 
ander  each  rule,  will  give  the  scholar  an  idea  of  the  maa^ 
"»  which  he  IS  to  make  the  corrections  • 
"Fiftv  pounds  of  wheat  contains  forty  pounds  of  flour.'* 
J    Is  this  ser. tence  correct?      A.  No'      Q.  Wherein  is 
A  incorrect?     A.  Contains  is  of  the  wrms  nurnhnr       Q 
rSfHe  It.     A.  it  18  a  regular  active  i^rd  indicative  mode, 
Dresent  tense,  tl.ird  jjorson,  singular  numoer,  but  should  bl 
pimal;  that  is,  cont^un,  m  order  to  agree  with  its  nomina 
tive  pounds;  agre^^ably  to  the  rule  which  says.  "  A  rerk 
must  agree ,"  &c  J  -      «  ▼««■ 


W  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (ruLE    1 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 

«;7"  *".  ""^"  ai]  men  as  we  would  that  they,  in  sJirnlai 
«ircu,n«tance8,  should   do  unto  us,  constituS  the  L  ea 
priuciplo  of  vTtue.     To  live   soberly,  rlLrhteousK      3 
pio«.»v,  are  required  of  all  „,en.     To  be  of  a  puri  'n1 
bumbfe  mmd,  to  exercise  benevolence  towards  oXrn  to 

s^;"7nrh;7r  ^ ""''''' ''-  ^-^^  ^-^^-^  ^'^--^ 

Every  verb,  except  in  the  infinitive  mode    n 


NoTK    2. 


the  participle,  ought  to  have  a  nominative  case 


expressed   or   implied  • 
Awake  ye;    arise  ye 


as,     Aicake;    arise;      that 


eilii'.T 


u 


t  Specimen  of  Parsing. 

Remember  to  assist  the  distressed. 
Rememher  is  a  regular  verb  active,  imperative  mode 
^econd  person,  smgular  number,  and  agrees  wit    Us  nonu 

i^r-Kyt^,.^.!^  ^   ^''-'^'^  '^  ''^  "-^S 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

n«?r  ^^  T^  of  to-morrow.  Know  thou  thyself;  presume 
.  not  God  to  scan.    Blow,  ^inds,  crack  your  checks  ' 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

JI  hf  P"''^^^'  *^.  ^4^^  h«  has  an  unooubted  rignt 
and  he  1  as  long  enjoyed,  should  now  be  wrested  ffora 
hrni,  would  be  flagrant  injustice  These  cur'  sitL  w1 
have  impor  ed  trom  China,  and  are  similar  to  those  whicf 
wore  some  time  ago  brought  from  Africa. 

Note  3.  Every  nominative  case,  except  the  case  ab. 
^lute  ana  when  an  address  is  made 'to  a  pe  son  oHhir^ff 
•hoiiW  belong  to  some  verb,  either  expressed  or  %nS' 

*^  TTixvrni  mua  .juum;  inai  is,  spoke. 

^^stions.    What  nominoiire  cases  in  your  exac  V;oj, 
Do  they  belong  to  verbs  expressed  or  impliW  ®^*''"^'^^'' 


\  • 


SULE    1 


he  gieal 
isly,  iUixl 
puro  i?nd 
)therH;  to 
»e<  oini'jg 


mode    ji 

s,    eilii'T 
that   iti 


implied 


B'-'B    f.) 


SYNl  'X. 


61 


a  mode 
ts  nomi. 
e  wiiich 


presume 

I. 


i  rignt, 

d  ironi 

Lies  w« 

whica 


iiee  ab> 

tliiriff. 

iplied^ 

rote  k 


splija 


Specimen  of  FAR<)iiia. 
Who  wrote  that  book?    James 

Exercises  in  Parsing 

f«/»e  Ayn^m  („  ie  corrected. 
_  1  wo  subgtantiveg,  wlien  they  come  toira»l,»r  .r.A  a 
ngmfy  the  same  thin,r,  the  former  mn^^it-.V       ''°  ?"* 
.««e.     Virtue,  howev'e'r  it  ma^  beTe'lecte"d  tT/'''" 
n.en  ire  so  constituted,  aa  uJtiinatelvT !^i         i  j    '""°' 
rtapect  genuine  merit.         """"'"^y'  to  acknowledge  and 

te.t"o'f 'a  veTTut  is  rfr''"'  '^  ^^  no  personal 

do-tly  on  ^hTrtst  of'ti^:  sCte  •^''ttL  c'aTJdrh'"'  '""''P""- 

«t.  ;  as,  S/,„„.  being  lost^'aluUe  ^aX      The'T 

.«».  havmg  been  recited,  the  boy  was  dlmUsed  *" 

whtrir  no^^rnl- r- is  rir-p'r 

participles  are  they  put  ?  ^®^**'"®  what 

Specimkn  of  Parsing. 
Shame,  being  lost,  ail  virtue  was  lost 

note,  which  says,  <^  WhenTl"  foSuVei;?;^'^!'^  '"'* 
Exercises  in  Parsin<r. 

•a.  adjourned     ^    "'  '^"'  ?«"»"»  P™»«nt,  tl!o  m««ti," 
/■ofe«  Syntax  to  be  rorreet  d. 


"DTTW    m 


».  p7?n%re  itralircte''r„dT;e^dir":"r '-r 

•o.  Plato;  thou  roaso„e.,t  well  ,Awal^f"t'sr'l  h  ""??"" 
1i !  heayens,  and  give  ear,  oh  ;  elrth '^  ^'^ •''""' '  "»"' 
6 


82  ENGLISH     3RAM3IAR.  (llUl  IC    2. 

Specimen  of  PARsmo. 
It  must  be  so,  Plato;  thou  reasouest  well 

Plato  is  a  proper  noun,  of  the  second  person,  sin^uliu 
number,  and  nominative  case  independent,  airreeably  it 
luie  rule  which  says,  "  When  an  address  is  made,"  Atc« 

RULE    II. 

Two  or  more  nouns,  &c.  in  the  singular  auat 
Lftr,  joined  togellier  by  one  or  more  copulative 
coajunctions,  must  have  verbs,  nouns,  and  pro- 
nouns agreeing  with  them  in  the  plural  number ; 
as,  Socrates  and  Plato  wete  wise;  they  were  the 
most  eminent  philosophers  of  Greece;  The  sun 
that  rolls  over  our  heads,  the  food  that  we  receive, 
the  rest  that  we  enjoy,  daily  admonish  us  of  a 
superior  and  superintending  Power. 

Questions.  What  number  is  were  ?  Why  would  it  not 
be  proper  to  use  teas,  instead  of  loere  f  A.  Because  was 
is  sin«rular,  and  tho  two  nouns,  Socrates  and  FlatOy  are 
joined  together  by  the  copulative  conjunction  and ;  and 
the  rule  says,  "  Two  or  more  nouns,"  »fcc.  What  number 
is  they  ?  Why  not  /ie,  instead  of  they  f  What  number  is 
admonish  ?   Why  not  admonishes j  instead  of  admonish  9 

Specimen  or  Parsinq. 

Peace  and  joy  are  virtue's  crown. 

^re  is  an  irregular  verb  neuter,  indicative  mode,  present 
tense,  third  person,  pbiral  number,  airreeing  wif h  its  nomi 
native  cases  peace  and  joy  ;  agreeably  to  the  rule  whick 
iay«,  '*  Two  or  more  nouns,"  tScc. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

Vanity  and  presumption  ruin  many  a  promisinff  youtll* 
Food,  clothing,  and  credit,  are  the  rewards  \if  induBtrv 
He  and  William  live  together  in  great  harmony. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected, 

luiSiisss  anu  ignorance  is  tiio  parent  of  rnaiiy  vic@3. 
Patience  and  dijigence,  like  faith,  removes  mountain*. 
What  signifies  the  counsel  and  care  of  preceLitorSj  wfeei 
fouth  thini  vV?y  have  no  neod  of  assistancw  ' 


of  a 


fcfJLK    O.y  SYNTAX.  53 

Note.  In  many  complex  sentences,  k  is  diffcult  fot 
iearnera  to  determine  whether  one  or  m  re  of  tJie  clauoet 
iro  to  bf  consulerod  as  the  nominative  case;  and,  conse- 
quently,  whether  the  verb  is  in  the  8in^:ular  or  plural  nuitt' 
•ri  u-  ^^*^^*"*''  ^^®  correct  examples  of  both  numbniB- 
iH,  1/0  ship,  with  all  her  funiiluro,  was  destroyed  ;  Thfi 
pr  iico,  as  well  as  the  people,  was  praise-wortliy  ;  Virtuo, 
lienor,  nay,  even  self-interest, c«w6/>«>c  to  recomineni  the 
!n'.5asure  ;  Nothing  ddi.ghts  me  so  much  as  the  works  o! 
tJturo. 

questions  Is  one  or  more  of  the  clauses,  in  the  first 
eiample,  considered  as  the  nominative  case  to  the  verb  ? 
Ht  w  13  It  ii?  the  second  ?    the  third  ?    the  fourth  ? 

FaJse  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
Goou  t>rder  in  our  affairs,  not  mean  savinus,  produce 
gicat  proliis.     That  great  senator,  in  concert  with  several 
pther  enunent  oersons,  were  tiie  projectors  of  the  revo- 
lution. 

RULE    III. 

The  conjunction  disjunctive  has  an  effect  con 
trary  to  that  of  the  conjunction  copulative  ;  for  as 
the  verb,  noun  or  pronoun  is  referred  to  the  pre- 
cec'ing  terms  taken  separately,  it  must  be  in  the 
singular  number;  as.  Ignorance  or  negligence  has 
caused  this  mistake;  John,  James  or  Joseph 
intenfb  to  accompany  me;  There  is  in  many 
minds  neither  knowledge  nor  understanding. 

Questions.  What  number  is  has  f  Why  not  have  f 
A.  Because  /Tff  we  is  plural,  and  the  verb  is  referred  to  the 
©receding  terms,  ignorance  and  negligmci,  talten  sepsr 
hately  ;  and  the  rule  says,  ''The  conjunction  disjunctive," 
&c.  What  number  is  intends  ?  Why  not  intend  ?'  Wh«i 
ftuir.ber  is  isf     Why  not  are  f 

Specimen  ok  Parsing. 

U^isdora  or  folly  governs  us. 

Oovrmi  is  a  regular  verb  active,  indicative  mnde  prea- 

Silt  ten^e.  and  the  third  person,  singular  number.  a«rreeinfl 

with  Its  nominative  case  wisdom  or  fol/y  ;   n(7reeabl\r  t3 

the  rule  which  says  "  T  io  ct    junction  disjunctive,"  '&a 


H 


•  i'l 

11 
I, 


ENGLISH    GRAMM^^n,  fRlTLE 


Exercises  in  Parsing. 
WoS  T  '^^^^^'^^^^^  •«  «^e.n,,t  from  trouble. 

WeiUior  birth  nor  ibrtune  is  a  substitute  for  virtue. 

the  verb  nulragr^e "w    ,'  Unt  tr'^'^f^^^-""^*^^^' 
nearest  to  it:    as    I  or  H.    '^'';  PJ^f"""  w])ich  is  placed 

FaZjje  S-yw^flx  io  ie  corrected 
take  the  business  proposed  ''    '""  "''"'  """^  """"• 


RtT,E    IV. 

A  noun  of  multitude,  or  signifying  many   mw 

uic  Miigiiiar  or  plural  number:     vet  not  v.nfKnJ 
regard  to  the  import  of  the  wotT.TI  - 

i^^nty  or  phiralit/  of  idea      as    Th.  1  ^^.P^^^'^i 
lartro.    T^k  I  '    ^'    J  «e  meetrng  t^-fw 

"  i'""*"""  *    ^'^ly  P«^«l>ie  '/.^  not  consider -"Me;; 
«ave  not  kno<vn   me,     The  multitude  eVrJ 


ttlTLE    5.) 


SYNTAX. 


M 


pursue  pleasure  as  their  chief  sood        Pha  n  .,      n 
u^ere  divided  in  their  seiitimeim     '  "  '^"'^ 

F//75C  57/r,/aj:  ;o  he  corrected. 
anrcon."!^.'^^^"^"-"^  ^  --P-^  of  Kin.,  Lord, 
A  irreat  number  do  not  always  arrme  stronirth 


RULE    V. 

dents,  and  the  nouns  for  which  they  stand  in  ren- 
der and  number;  as.  This  is  tlu.  fri„r ,  1^  . 
Invo  •  Ti,„.  •  1  •'  .  ™*^  Iriend  wtiom  I 
love  That  is  the  vice  tvhirh  I  hate:  'i'he  kins 
and  the  queen  had  put  on  their  robes;  The  nwon 
appears,  and  ,he  shines,  but  the  light  is  nofC 

^dent  and  the  verb  agrees  with  it  accor.iinaly, 
«peritnce         '"""'''"'^°'"'    '  "^'^  ^*«*  ^o* 

I.  either  mascuTh,"  orf  ,in ke  „ni'';.*"'^r''''"''  ^"™''' 
ao„n.  must  ahvavs  ."^r'^-Z  '  wt.  "''".'"^■"'  " '''•* 
wAjcA  ?     Whv  n.'.t  ;,r,  „;  '••■-' instead  ' """  "''"''  '""''""'  "' 


iL'T^i"'^^^^  °f  ^^'^-^    ^^hy  not  Am- 
ftcr.s'      Why  not  ich 


their?     W lay  not 
or  thdr  instead  of 


r    /    J    ^"7  ""''  ^"'"'^^  instead  o^irlu,'^      Whu  n,.V  / 


?'j) 


6 


What  person  is  lo/eo,  m  tho  88coI^i 


«',;■ 


56  KNOLiSH    GKAMxMAR  (RULE    5 

•xainpk  ?  How  do  you  know  it  ?  Why  not  sp.aks  iiutuM 
of  speuk  f 

Specimkn  ok  PAKsirro. 

The  man  is  liappy,  who  lives  virtncusly, 

Wlio  u  a  rdatiye  pronoun,  which  has  for  its  antecedent 
muHj  with  wliich  it  ajrrees  in  gender  and  number  ;  agreo 
illy  to  tho  rule  which  miyo,  "  Tronouns  must  agree,"  ^c 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

The  man  wh  j  \h  faithfully  altaciiod  to  religion,  may  'ja 
relied  on  with  confidence. 

1  he  vices  m  hich  we  should  especially  avoid  are  ihuM 
which  moat  easily  beset  us. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

They  which  seek  Wisdom  will  certainly  find  her. 

I  do  not  thinL  that  any  person  should  incur  ceusui© 
for  bein^^  tender  of  their  reputation. 

Thou ,  who  has  been  a  witness  of  the  fact,  can  give  an 
iccouut  of  it. 

Part  1.  Every  relative  must  have  an  antecedent  to 
which  it  refers,  either  expressed  or  implied  ;  as,  Who  is 
fatal  to  others,  is  so  to  himself;  that  is,  the  man  who  ig 
fatal  to  others.    * 

Questions.  What  relative  in  the  example .'  To  what 
«Mtecedent  does  it  refer  ?     Is  it  expressed,  or  implied  ? 

Part  2.     What  is  very  frequently  the  representative  of 
two  cases ;    one  the  objective  after  the  verb  or  pre])osi 
tion,  and  the  other  the  nominative  to  a  subsequent  veib  j 
ts,  I  heard  what  was  said  ;    He  related  what  was  seen. 

(^ttf.stion.  What  two  cases  are  represented  by  uhat  fo 
ithe  e.\.amj>les. 

Note  1  I*ersonal  Pronouns,  being  used  to  supply  the 
place  of  the  nrun,  are  not  employed  in  the  same  part  of  s 
lentonrso  as  the  noun  which  they  represent ;  for  it  woulif 
be  im;. roper  to  say,  The  king  Ac  is  just  j  I  saw  her  lh« 
|ueo^. ;  Tie  men  they  were  there. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
The  Carres  of  this  world  trey  often  choke  the  grovrtfa 


RULE    5.) 


SYNTAX. 


<h 


»f  virtue.     Diaappointaionts  and  afflictioLB,  ►"iwev^r  di«* 
greeablo,  thoy  ollen  improve  us.  -^wev.r  di«* 

Note  2.  The  pronouns  whichsoever,  whosoever  and 
?^'ri ''  "?  '''^?"^'^  ^'^'^^'^  ^'^  ^'»"  intcrnosUion^f  *S! 
v<jo  m)nvor  Uie  king  cast  his  eye. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
H  .w^8»er  l,«auiif,.l  they  a,,pear,  tl.ey  hare  no  r.« 

NoTK  n.     Mimy  persons  are  apt,  in  conversation,  to  nu» 
iM'  ol,,.,nt,,ye  case  of  the  personal  pr  noun,  io  .lu-  rlnoo  o 
I'V.sv  atu  Mo.c;  a«,  Give  me  //../books  ;  instead      /W 
'-t^«.     it  IS  better  to  say,  Thn^  tl.al.  or  ^.^  H  o,    ow  fn 
f-ears,  son:etimes  reap  m  joy  ;  tiian  to  say,  7 W  vvho?yc 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrertcd. 

Jn^'^^'i''^ ' ''^'"  '^°  P'^'-.^'^"^  J'^«  '"ost  disMnirulHhcd  hira 
se,t         INono  more  impatiently  suffer  injuries  than  those 
that  are  most  forward  in  doin^;  Uiem. 

for^/7./  .'*■  'J'/'^  "^"^'o  ""^'"^  '"  «on,ctin.es  improperly  used 
1  .  '^\?  ^^""y  ^'"  "^^^•'  ^«'''^^'«  '>"1  '^^'^^'^  1  --ive  been 
entirely  to  blame.  The  word  ..nn.a-kai.  i.  the Vo  'nunS 
entence,  ,.  improperly  «s.,d  ;  These  pumshmenssJeJ 
o  have  been  exercised  in  .«m..;/,.^  an  i.biuarv  inanne? 
tiut  IS,  m  a  manner  which  is,  tn  some  rcspects^aThit:-^. 

False  Syjitax  to  he  corrected. 

?n^?  'Ti^'^  "''^  ^®  persuaded  but  what  I  was  greatly  « 
ja  lit.  Tliese  commendations  of  his  children  aiwai  t* 
fca.e  been  made  in  somewhat  an  injudicious  manner! 

Note  5.      The  personal  pronoun  h  improperly  applied 
Jjjjd     1  hat  fowl  which  nature  has  taught  to  d'p  the  wfnf 


10   vn!;3k(>. 


F«/*e  ^yw«a2  <o  he  corrected. 

seen  is  wholesGrneW  fed 


^The  child  whom  we  have  just  „^...,  .^  w„uic»uuion 
-  is  like  a  beast  of  prey  who  destroys  w  ithout  pity. 


j\ 


.'< 


§8 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (RULE    6 


Not*  6.  There  should  be  no  ambiguity  in  the  use  ci 
the  pronoun  rek:ive;  at*,  when  we  say,  The  disciples  o^ 
Christ  zohoin  we  miitate.  Is  Christ  or  disciples  the  anto 
cedent  t 

Falst/  Synta  t  to  be  corrected* 

The  king  dismissed  his  minister  without  any  mcu'uy 
who  had   nevor  before  committed  so   unjust   an  action 
riifjie  are  millions  of  people   in   the  empire   of  Chusa 
whose  supp  )rt  is  derived  almost  entirely  from  rice. 

Note  7.  The  interjections  0!  Oh.'vindM!  require 
ijfie  objective  case  of  a  pronoun  in  the  first  person  after 
them;  as,  0  nie  !  OA  me!  Jhme*  buMhe  nominative 
case  in  the  second  person  ;  as,  O  thoa  persecutor  !  Oh  ye 
hypocrites  '   «    thou,  who  dwellest,  Arc. 

Questions.  ^Vhat  cases  are  the  pronouns  in  the  first 
example?  Why?  What  in  tiie  second  ?  Why?  What 
case  is  ''fie  pronoun  in  the  next  example  ?  Why  i'  What 
in  the  next  ?     Why  ? 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

Ah!  unhappy  thee,  who  art  deaf  to  the  calls  of  duty  ? 
Oh !   happy  we,  surrounded  with  so  many  blessings  ' 

RULE    VI. 

The  relative  is  the  nominative  case  to  the  verb, 
whci)  n<r  nominative  eomes  between  it  and  the 
verb ;  as,  The  master  who  taught  us ;  The  trees 
ivhich  are  planted. 

When  a  nominative  comes  between  the  relative 
and  the  verb,  the  relative  is  governed  by  some 
'''ord  in  its  own  member  of  the  sentence;  as,  }fe 
who  preserves  me,  to  whom  I  owe  my  being,  wh  sat 
1  am,  and  tvhom  I  sen^e,  is  eternal. 

Qu(stio?is.  Which  w  ord  is  the  verb  in  the  first  exair  pie  ' 
'^/hich  IS  the  vominative  ?  Why  ?  Which  is  the  varh  it 
the  next  example  ?  Which  is  the  norninniire  ?  W^hy  ? 
Show  wh  sr  J  a  nominativt;  ccmes  between  the  relative  anii 
the  verb  m  the  last  example. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

If  he  will  not  hear  his  best  friend,  whom  shall  be  sent 
(0  admonii:li  him  •* 


ULi:  6 

e  use  d 
loiplea  0^ 
he  aoto 


mcauy 
1  actioti 
r  Chiai 

e. 

require 
on  after 
iiinative 
!    OAya 

the  first 

What 

'    What 


►f  duty ! 

rs  ' 


e  verb, 
nd  the 
e  trees 

elative 
''  some 
as,  He 
,  wh  sfi. 


cairple ' 

verb  It 

Why? 

tive  and 


be  seut 


HliA]    b. 


SYNTAX 


o9 


The  p(M-sons,  who  conscience  and  Virtue  aunnorf    m«, 

rnuio  at  t!,e  caprices  of  fortune  ^  ^  ''^  ™^ 

From  ti)e  ciiaracter  of  those  who  vou  asaociate  wirh 

Y^m  own  will  be  estimated.  '        asaociaie  witb 

N<,TE  1.  When  both  the  antecedent  and  the  relatiri 
^0 -.,e  „orn,native«  each  to  ditUrent  verbs,  the  relat^JJ 
WurveTb  "a  '  r"  ^"^7'  "/^^   ^'^^   antecedent  ^o   the 

0^    4  natuVo    'nf'"^'    '  '''"^'^''^'  "■"'^^'  '*  ^^^«  ornament 
V     mr  nature,  jo/*v,i6V.<f  more  m  the  Ove  of  our  dutv   mH 

'?"'•<"•"«».     Which  is  tI,o  antcc-odont  in  your  examnl^  i 

queslio,^.     What  are  the  pron.mns  which  precede  the 
Ihmgs  they  represent  in  ti,e  exan.ple  ■    To  wLt  do  thev 

False  SyntMx  to  he  corrected. 
h  is  not  to  be  expected,  that  thoy,   whom,  in  early  life 
.  ::ve   been   dark  and  de<:oitful,  .liould  aftervlards  berome 
fiwr  ami  inuenuous.      That  is  the  student,  who  1  .ave  the 
book  to,  and  whoin,  I  am  persuaded,  dese;ves  it.  ^ 

t"   n    t    u^     «a;"e  case  as  that  which  contains  the  ^ues. 
cion  ,  as,   WluKse  hooks  are  these  r    Tliev  are  /«A/i\-     Whn 
.ave  the,„  to  hi,a?       /F..       Of  W,„„:7ir;,;  "toy  ,,,.1 
Of  a  bookseller  ;  Am  who  hves  at  the  Bible  and  dr«v!„ 

queMnns.     What  case  is  .foAa'*-  i„  the  example  '    Whv 
^S'/Why;    Whatcaaeis^,,    Why  /   'm  h.a  ei^^ 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
_  Of  whom  were  the  articles  bought  ?     Of  a  mer^-or  .    h« 


jesmes  the  mercer  present  f    Yes,  both  hi.n  and  kJdlZ 
«V  ho  was  the  nionev  oaiJ  n      Tr.  tl...  r..«...^. j    .  _   C®'."^ 


i.*or  and  his  cierif 


70 


ENGLISH   GRAMMAR.      'RULES  *"     8 


RULE    VII. 

When  the  relathe  is  preceded  by  two  noraica 
lives  of  diir»^reiit  persons,  the  relative  and  \eib 
may  agree  in  person  with  either,  according  to  the 
s*^nsf  ;  as,  /  am  the  man  who  conimand  you  ;    or, 
1  anr  the  man  who  commands  you. 

Questions.     Which  word  is  the  relative  in  the  first  b:£ 
tjTiple  ?      By  wliat  two  intiriivabres  is  it  preceded  .'      O? 
what  person  is  each  ?    Witii  which  do  tlie  relative  and  verb 
agree?    With  which  do  they  agree  in  the  next  example  ^ 

Specimen  of  Parsing. 
1  am  tne  man  avIio  commands  you. 

^  Who  \v,  a  relative  pronoun,  which  has  for  its  anlecedent 
•W6V,,  vvith  which  it  agrees  in  person;  agro(;ahly  to  the 
rule  which  says.,  "  When  the  relative  is  preceded,"  &xj. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

Thou  art  the  man  who  has  improved  his  privileges,  tm<d 
who  will  reap  the  reward. 

I  am  the  per^cm  who  owns  the  fault  committed,  anji 
who  disdams  to  conceal  it  by  falsehood. 

False  Syntax  to  ht  corrected. 
Thon  art  the  friend  that  hast  often  relieved  me,  j.na 
that  has  not  deserted  me  now  in  the  time  of  peculiar  need. 
I  perceive  that  thou  art  a  pupil  who  possesses  bright  parts, 
but  who  hast  cultivated  Ihein  but  littla. 


RtlLF    VIII 

Kvery  adjective,  and  every  adjective  prone oa 
beJ  ngs  to  a  substantive,  expressed  or  understood 
as,  tie  is  a  good  as  well  as  a  wise  man ;    Few  Aie 
happy ,  that  is,  persons ;    This  is  a  pleasant  wsJk; 
ihat  i.^,  This  walk  is,  &c. 

Adjei'tivt-  pronouns  must  aj^ree,  in  number,  \^ith 
their  substantives;  as,  T/iis' book,  t/ifisfi  books j 
Tiuit  sort,  thc^se  sorfs :    Another  road^  other  roads. 


8 


RULE   £  ) 


SYNTAX. 


71 


.  Queshons.  What  rtrf;>r/?:rfi,  and  what  aaTje  mu«  »ronc«r»tf 
m  your  examples  ?  To  what  do  they  helonff  ?  Whf 
ihould  you  n. It  say,  Thest  hook?  this  hooks?  These  sorti 
oat  sorts r  Other  road?  another  roads? 

Specimew  of  Parsing 

A  better  world. 

^^^^f  is  an  adjnctive,  in  the  comparative  degree    a^ 

*Mongs  to  tfie  noun  loorld ;  agreeably  to  tne  rule  «  jeo 

■tye,  "  Every  adjective,"  &g. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 
That  sort  of  pleasure  weakens  and  debases  the  nitnd 
Lven  in  these  tnnes,  there  are  many  persons  w!,o,  from 
a'.sinteres|  ^d  motives,  are  solicitous  to  promote  the  liapu- 
f*iss  ot  tiUers.  ^ 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 

These  kmd  ofindulfrences  soften  and  injure  the  ni,ia 
Instead  of  improvina:  yourselves,  you  have  been  nlavinii 
this  two  hours.      Tliose  sort  of  favors  did  real  miurv 
under  the  appearance  of  kindness. 

ExcKPTioN.  An  adjective  pronoun  in  the  plural  num 
ber,  will  sometimes  properly  associate  with  a  sino-ubr 
lioun ;  as,  our  desire,  your  intention,  their  resiffnation. 

QuesHojis.     What  are  the  adjective  pronouns  in  the  ex 
ample  r     Ot  what  number  ?     Witli  what  substantives  are 
Ihej  associated  ?   Of  what  number  are  these  substantives  - 

ADJECTIVE  Pronouns, 
Note  1    The  phrase-,  this  nuans  and  that  means  shoull 
w  used  only  when  they  refer  to  what  is  sin^rular  ;    these 
meana  ami  those  means    wij«n   t!iev  respect  plurals  ,    as 
lie  lued  temperately,  and  by  this  means  preserved  hit 
Ueallli ,  I  lie  scholars  were  attentive,  industrious, and  oherti 
9nt  to  their  tutors,  and  by  these  means  ac.{uired  knowledge 

^ueslions.     Why  use  this  means    in  the  first  eia^UBJA 
Why  these  mcatis,  in  the  second? 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected 
Charles  was  extra  rairatit,  and  by  these  means  bccRma 
truOT  and  dospurabjo.  Industry  la  the  mean  of  obtalnmtf 
ronipotoncy  This  person  embraced  everv  opportunity  to 
display  his  talcmts  ;  and  by  til  jsh  means  rendered  himsal* 
ridiculous. 


■ 


T2  ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (rTJLE    8, 

NoTK  fJ.  That  is  used  in  reference  to  the  former  of 
two  persons  or  things,  and  this  in  reference  to  the  latter ; 
M,  Self-love,  which  is  the  spring  of  action  in  the  soul,  is 
ruled  by  reason  ;  but  for  that^  man  would  be  inactive  \31jt 
but  for  this,  he  would  be  activo  to  no  end. 

Questions.    To  what  does  that  refer,  in  the  exaiv^.«l«f 
^9  n  lat  does  this  refer  ? 

False  Syntax  to  b*.  corrected. 

Hehgjon  raises  men  above  themselves  ;  irrelicrjon  A:'niE0 
l.iem  beneath  the  brutes  ;  that  binds  tliem  down^to  a  poor, 
pitiuble  speck  of  perishable  earth  j  this  opens  for  ,  10m 
a  prospect  to  the  skies. 

Note  3.  The  distributive  adjective  pronouns,  each, 
every,  either,  agree  with  th3  nouns,  pronouns,  and  terbs 
»f  the  singular  number  only,  except  the  plural  nouuk  am 
«'ey  a  collective  idea  ;  as.  The  king  of  Israel,  and  Jeh  sha- 
phat,  tJie  king  of  Judah,  sat  each  on  his  throne  ;  ffttry 
tree  is  known  by  its  fruit ;   Either  of  the  two  is  eligible 

Ors.     Each  signifies  both  of  them,  taken  collectively 
or  separately  ;  either  properly  signiliea  only  the  one  or  the 
other  of  them,  disjunctively. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 
Each  of  them  in  their  turn,  receive  the  benefits  to  which 
they  are  entitled.     Whatever  he  undertakes,  either  hig 
pride  or  his  folly  disgust  us. 

AnjKOTivES. 

Note  4.    Part  t.    Adjectives  are  sometimes  impronerlj 
applied  as  adverbs  ;  as,  Indiferent  honest ;  excellent  w^mI 
miseraUf  poor  ;    instead  of,  Indifferently  honest ;    txid 
lently  weil ;  miserahhj  poor. 

Aaverb-".  are  likevvise  inipropbrly  used  as  adjectives  •.  i^f 
The  tutor  addressed  him  in  terms  rather  warm,  but  sn'A 
ihli^  o  his  offence  ;  They  were  seen  wandering  abotit.  i*c'>^ 
•fc-Vjf  and  distressed  ;  instead  o£  suitable  and  solitary. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

flhc    sads  proper,  writes  very  neat,  and  comuoses  ver^ 
accurate     lie  was  extreme  prodigal,  and  his  propertv  jj 

K-^-rr    :;tr::-.    -o-i::;:  isn:  cii.  li«-;y  gi:iiV;;iiiy   S,  .r,;;ceU«a  j     lOr   LUC* 

fiveo  coiif  rnvable  to  the  -ules  of  iirudem.n 


«ULE   8.y 


SYNTAX 


7a 


v^i.    "■    J      adjective  pronoun  such  m  cften  mloEn- 
uoa  ,    as,  H3  was  such  an  extravagant  yoiing  man,  ihat 

le  spent  his  whole  patrimony  in  a  tew  vfars.      It  klivn'c 

*•   so  extravagant  a  young  man. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
.'Juci  an  amiable  disposition  will  secure  universal  wluea 
■jch  d.stmguislied  virtues  seldom  occur. 

^^V^A  h     ^"?^^^  comparatives  and  superlatives  iUtuW 

time;  ^  r^  "^  ^ -'"'''''  '^^"duct;  A  more  .er.  J! 
c«mper  ,     J  h<i  most  strictest  sect. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 

on7''T},T,^''''^'  ^"^  ^V/^*^  ^"^^  chimneys  than  to  mainta  n 
tLr  !  .  "^'"^  ''  '^'^  ^  race-horse,  which  runs  the 
taster,  the  lesser  weight  it  carries.  The  Most  Highest 
hath  created  us  for  his  glory  and  our  hapijiness.         ^ 

Note  0     Adjectives  that  have  in  themselves  a  super 

Hv^n/'^"  i^*-°"V^''  """^  P'^P^'^^y  '^^'"•t  of  the  ccmpkra 
tive  or  superlative  form;  such  a.,  chuf,  extreme,  perfect 
right,  universal,  supreme,  &,c,  ^-f'^e,  perject. 

Specimen  of  Correction. 

Questions,    is  this  sentence  correct  .-•  A.  No    Q  \\  her^ 
m  ^«  'tincorrect  ?    A.   Su;,,em.^/  ha«  the  su.orl^ive  for.u, 
i^nmcatiin.  "'  ^'^'''^''  ^'^''  i»  itscilU  superla-'v« 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
His  work  is  perfect,  his  brother's  more  perteot   and   hit 
lather  s  the  most  perfect  of  all.      He  gave^he  tUiS  «i^ 
most  sincere  proof  oi  the  truest  friendship. 

r*/!rf?  7.  In  sonie  cases  adjectives  shoul-:  not  be  wna 
fjt  id  from  their  substantives,  oven  by  words  v  1  ic  i  m'jdift 
tfcoir  meaning,  and  make  but  on^  ^enae  witn  fliem  :  nm 
A  large  enough  number  nearly ,  it  should  be,  A  numb^f 
mrge  enough.  '        »«*»»•» 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 

He  spoke  in  a  distinct  enough  mannfir  tn  k«  a^„-^  ».. 
^c  wnole  assembly.  Thomas  is  equipped  with  a  new'^pM 
«f  Rio ves  i  he  IS  a  servant  of  an  old  rich  man  ^^ 

9* 


,;i 


74 


ENGLrSH    GIUMMAR  (RULE   9 


RULE    IX. 

The  article  a  or  an  agrees  with  uounb  in  thf 
singular  number  only,  individually  oi  collccti\  cl)  \ 
13,  A  Christian,  an  infidel,  a  score,  a  thousand. 

The  definite  article  the  may  agree  with  noimft 
n  the  singular  or  plural  number;  as,  The  g^rieo 
ke  houses,  the  stars. 

The  articles  are  often  properly  omitted  ;  uhen 
ttsed,  they  should  be  justly  applied  according  to 
their  distinct  nature;  as,  Gold  is  corrupting ;  The 
sea  is  green ;  A  lion  is  bold 

Questiffn.      Why  U       ^oi  as  proper  to  say,    ^  Chri» 
Uans,  an  mjidels  -x..  ,.  say,  The  Christians,  the  injidcts  ? 
i 

Specimen  of  Parsing 
An  angel. 

M  is  an  indefinite  article,  and  agrees  with  the  noun 
anoeJ, ;  agreeably  to  the  rule  which  says,  «  The  article  a 
or  an  agrees,"  Am. 

4 

Exercises  in  Parsing 

The  restless,  discontented  person  is  noc  a  good  friend, 
&  good  neis-libonr,  or  a  s^oud  subject. 

The  young,  the  healthy,  and  the  prosperous,  should  not 
presume  on  their  advantajres. 

tatse  Syntax  to  he  correctta. 

The  fire,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  the  water,  are  four  cle- 
rafeiitsaf  the  philosophers.  We  are  placed  here  under  t 
^lal  of  our  virtue.  The  profligate  man  is  seldom  or  never 
found  o  be  the  crood  husband,  the  good  father,  or  the  iie 
Rsefieeal  neighbour. 

Note.  A  nice  distinction  of  the  sense  is  flcmetlroei 
Biafle  by  the  U!«e  or  omiasion  of  the  article  a.  If  1  mv 
He  benaved  with  a  little  reverence,  my  meaning  is  pon 

live*       «f*<    Jn'r      U#»  U^U 1  ...:aU    l.'^^l ^  *^ 


as. 


RtTLE 


10.) 


SYNTAl 


75 


False  Syntax  to  be  correatd. 


.    .  )%  ^?.  ^*'*'"  '"'";'*  censured  for  conduntinff  hiraeelf  with 

.^Ud^riluir  '"  '".^,'^-'--:    So  bold  a  bfoacroflrdl? 
valUd  for  httle  severity  in  punishing  Ihe  offender. 

RULE   X. 

One  substantive  isroverns  another,  siVnifvL.c  • 
i.fl.rcnt  t h.n,,  i.  the  possessn^e  or  genrtive^;^. 
Reward  '^'  ^^«^*'*  happiness;    Virtue^l 

Why  ?  ^  ""^^  ^«^^<r<an<i»c5  are  they  governed  ' 

F«/;?c  ^ynfaz  to  be  corrected. 
win  n^t^"o„"!:^m\hpr  ^\"«^'^^^^"«-     Thy  fathers  offence 

n.  folfo^ninsr  rule  is  thought  preferable  to  the  above  :^ 

Specimen  op  Parsing. 
Man's  happiness. 

the  noun  wlm.h  i.  n„sses;os,l,£  7,™f''  ^'  ""P?"'- ="». 
»ys,  "  The  ..observe  case'"  4^        ^  '°  '^''  '"'"  ™''''='' 

Exercises  in  Parsm<r. 
Of  mar's  first  disobedience      .  .  s,ng,  heavei  hr  m^ 

.  eice  and  j„y  are  virtue's  crown, 
tioodness  onngs  it*  own  reward 

t«,  Th,8  com,K,s,t.on  i.  Am,  Whose  b™.t  i.  Z.  ^u"? "' 


It 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (rUUC    IOL 


iLii/sxaATioN.  The  difference  between  the  ad/ectivt 
and  persomlpronouna  will  be  seen  in  the  following  sea 
Icrrbut  V*'         °'  ^^  honour  that  is  tarnished  ?  itis  not 

Part  2.  When  two  or  more  nouns,  or  a  noun  and  pro 
noun,  come  together,  and  signify  the  same  thjiig,  they  ai^e 
Mud  to  be  IN-  APPOSITION,  and  agree  in  case  ;  as,  Paul  th« 
jostle  ;  George,  King  of  Grout  Britain,  Elector  of  Han  , 

(tuestion^.  What  two  nouns  come  together,  Bianifvinff 
the  same  tlung,  in  the  first  example  ?  Wiiat  throve  in  thS 
second  r 

Specimen  of  Parsing. 
The  Emperor,  Marcus  Aurelius,  was  a  wise  and 

virtuous  prince. 

.^^.ZT  '^Z'^^""^  '?  ""  P'^P'^"  "°""'  «^  ^'^^  third  person, 
S  -^iTp^"''  T'^  ""T^^n'itive  case,  and  is  put  in  a;,po. 
sit  on  with  the  substantive  Eviperor ;  agreeably  to  tho 
note  which  says,  "  When  two  or  more  nouns,"  &c. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 
Arden,  the  general,  a  brave  man,  was  defeated, 
before""  ''^'-'^  •  ^^"^  Valerius,  the  man  wiiora  she  had  rejected 

He  never  forgot  his  vvife,  an  example  of  every  virtue, 
her  wliom  all  regarded  with  admiration.  ^  ' 

False  Syntai  to  he  corrected. 
The^  slew  Varus,  he  that  was  mentioned  before.     Thev 
■lew  Varus,  who  was  him  tha*  I  mentioned  before. 

.r.^JT''  ^'    ^^V"  ^®^®'^^  "0"ns  come  together  in  tlw 
rossossive  case,  the  apostrophe,  with  s,  is  annexed  to  the 

«  :  -}       ^"^^  ^yj"tk',r,  mother,  and  uvde's  advice. 
•rfimlinL^"^  "^"'^l  intervene,  the  sign  of  the  posst  ssivB 

Fahe  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

It  was  the  men's,  women's,  and  children's  lot  to  suffor 
|reat  calamities.  Peter's,  John's.  anH  AnnJ,"- !.!"„? 
^oa  was  that  of  fishermen  This  measure 'gained Ik. 
buff,  as  wo  1  as  the  peop.  '^  approbation  ^ 


I 


RULX    IOL 

0  adj/ectitft 
owing  sen 
d?  itisnot 


iin  and  pro 
g ,  they  tkYt 
3,  Paul  th« 
9r  of  Han ) 

signifying 
hree  in  the 


wise  and 


ird  person, 
ut  in  appo- 
t)ly  to  tho 

(&C. 


d. 

id  rejected 

3ry  virtue, 


re.     Thev 
re. 

er  in  tin 
sed  to  th« 
id  Eliza' a 
advice, 
posse  BsivQ 
s  ac  Rre2S 


to  suffor 
Euned  tkf 


I 


aULK    10.)  SYNTAX.  7^ 

•J^hIh  ?•  Tf,"  ^    ^"  "^^I'y^  ^^^  additiont  5  is  frequently 

reitus  mn.  Iho  fc.llowing  examples  in  prose  are  erro- 
UK^OMB-  Moses  mi.iister  ;  Pldnehas^  wife  ;  Fenus  car^ 
K.'^"  room.  It  should  have  been,  Mos^^P^^^. 

K  ^^'if -r*  ^^'^  ^'  ^'!^  additional  5  omitted  ja  Peleus'  f 
tod  Ve/ii'T   "'  ^'""^'"^  ^  ''""^^^'^  ^"  ^^^*''^''  ^^^'^^•\ 

^^^^T3\^^'^^^  ""^^^  '''*^?  '*''*'"''  ^^^^^  would  ffive  too 
tfiucli  ot  the  hissinu^  sound,  or  increase  the  dillicultv  of 
prommciation,  the  omission  of  the  apostro{,hic  "takes 
fcrsake"  ^''''  '  ^''  ^^'  righUousness^  ske ;  for  con- 

Q«e5iion.       Why  would  you  omit  sounding  the  apos- 
trophic  s,  in  rtghtcoasncss  sake,  and  cunscUnce'  sake  ? 

/'a/5c  Sijntax  to  be  corrected. 
And  ho  cast  himself  down  at  Jesus  feet.     Moses  rod  waa 
turned  into  a  nerpcnt.      For  Herodias  sake,  his  brother 
Philips  wife.     11  ye  sulFer  for  ri^liteousness's  sake,  happy 
are  ye.    You  should  be  subject  for  conscience's  sake. 

Note  3.  When  terms  signifying  a  name  and  an  office 
are  connected,  fhat  whirh  denotes  tJie  name  of  persons 
snomd  be  possessive;  as,  1  loft  the  parcel  at  Smith's,  the 
bookseller  ' 

Questions.  Wfcich  word  denotes  the  name  of  a  persoa, 
11^  'he  example  ?  Which  denotes  the  name  of  an  office  ? 
Which  IS  put  m  the  possessive  case  ? 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected, 
F  bought  the  knives  at  Johnson's,  the  cutler's     Thi« 
pniare  imd  been  tho   Granc'   Stiltan's,  Mahomet's.     I  wiF 
r.;ol  foi  David's,  thy  father's  sake. 

^  iV.  f  R.  4.  The  English  genitive.  :«•  possessive  case  list 
iun  an  unpleasant  sound,  so  that  we  daily  make  more 
J  J  ( f  the  purt.clo  of,  to  express  the  same  relation. 
1  hr.s.  instead  of  saying,  The  army's  name,  the  Commons 
vote,  the  I.ords'  house,  we  say  The  name  of  the  army,  the 
rote  of  the  ConiiiH  ns,  the  house  of  Lords. 

q^.esiio?i.    Why  is  i\e  name  of  the  army  better  thai 
tki  &rmys  name?  ^^ 

7  * 


III 


i'' 

i 


T^  ENGLISH    GIIAM.IIAR  (RULE  U. 

False  aymax  to  he  corrected. 
Th«  world  s  governmem  is  not  loft  to  clmnoe     It  wm 
Dcces^sary  to  have  both  the  phj.icians  and  the  sargeoT? 

Note  5.     In  some  casns  we  use  botn  the  poHsossive  te^ 

«mat..n  and  the  preposmon  o/;    as,   K  is  a  <hsc„ver  J  4 

&r  Isaac  Newton's.     The  ^^ord  genius,  or  proJ-JP^t 

jay  be  understood  at  the  endV  .uc'h  phrnsL,  andfhe 

.      foun  or  pronoun,  s^gmfying  tho  possessor   is  .rcvorned   S 

^^•^s^sessive  case,  by  the  noun 'signify] r.,.  the  thing  p'ol^ 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 
These  pictures  of  the  king  were  sent  to  him  from  Italy 
That  IS  the  eldest  son  of  tJie  king  of  England's.  ^ 

Note  6.     When  an  entire  clause  of  a  sentence,  bcrjiv 

wl  rh  Tf  '^'''P7''  ""'^  I^^^'-^  of  circun.star.ce,  the  noun  oS 
which  It  depends  nmy  be  put  in  tho  possessive  case,  and 
be  governed  by  that  clause.  Thus  vie  say,  Wlntu^the 
reason  of  tins  person's  disnnssing  his  servant  so  1  ii' 

di^lSr  Ss^:l^t  ^''  ^^^-"  ^'  ''-''  .^r.o^s^y 

False  Syntax  to  he  correrted. 
What  can  be  the  cause  of  the  parliament  ncrlectinff  h. 

i^kn^th  arriled  '"'"  '^  ^  '""""  """""«  ^'»  expenmenl 

RULE    XI. 

Active  verbs  crovern  the  objective  casp ;  as, 
Truth  ennobIe.s  W  ;  She  comforts  m^;  They  Sii^ 
port  us;   Virtue  rewards  her  followers.  ' 

Q^^fons.  Which  i.  the  active  verb  m  each  exampl«  ^ 
Wiiat  does  each  govern  ?     Why  .'  *«i"pMi 

Specimen  of  Parsing. 
Hope  animates  us. 

Vt  iy  a  personal  pronoun  of  the  first  r.nr«n»>  «.,„»i 

ber.   objective   case,  ani   governed  by 'the   Active    v^ 


IL 


RULE  11. 


b\NTAX, 


79 


•nimaies  •    agr  jeablv   to  the  rule  which  saya,     *  Active 
ferbs,"  &c. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

MiBdom  ani.'  virtue  enuoble  us.  Vice  and  follv  d» 
Wise  an.  ^ 

Whom  can  we  so  justly  love  as  tiiern  who  feavo  en> 
leavoured  to  make  us  wise  and  happy  ? 

When  a  person  has  nothing  to  do,  he  is  almost  alviayi 
tenipted  to  do  wrong.  ^ 

We  need  not  urge  Charles  to  do  good  :  he  .eves  to 
CIO  It. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
Wlio  have  I  reason  t<  love  so  nnich  as  this  friend  of  mv 
vouth  ?      'Vha  man  who  lie  raised  from  obscurity  is  dead 
He  di,w  they  we  know,  but  who  art  thou  ? 

NoTF,  1.  Part  ofa  sentence,  as  well  as  a  noun  or  pro. 
noun,  may  bo  said  to  bo  in  the  objective  case,  or  to  be  put 
objectively,  and  governed  by  the  active  verb ;  as,  We 
sometimes  see  virtue  in  distress ;  but  we  should  consider 
now  great  xci/I  be  her  ultimate  reward. 

Sentences  or  phrases  rmder  tliia  circumstance  may  be 
termed  objective  sentences,  or  phrases. 

QueMions.  What  objective  phrase  in  the  first  example  ' 
By  what  active  verb  is  it  governed  ?  Does  tiie  next  exam- 
pie  contain  an  objective  phrase,  or  sentence  ?  By  what  is 
It  governed .' 

Specimen  of  Parsing. 
Bat  we  should  consider  how  great  will  be  her 

ultimate  reward. 
How  great  rviU  be  her  ultimate  reicard   is  an  objective 
sentence,   and    governed   by    the    active   verb   consider 
agreeably  to  the  note  which  says,  "  Pait  of  a  sentence," 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 
Can  you  tell  how  much  the  land  cost  ? 
We  saw  religion  abandoned,  and  poraecuted;    bi      m% 
•Ctuld  not  see  how  many  vices  A'ould  be  introduced. 

Note  Q.  Some  verbs  appear  to  govern  two  words  in  the 
•bjective  case  ;  as,  The  Author  of  my  being  formed  vf 
m«n,  and  made  me  accountable  to  him.  Thev  desirod  m/, 
io  call  them  brethren.  JHe  seems  to  have  made  him' vial 
oe  was. 


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^  ENfiLlSH    GRa      lAR.  (RULE  1) 

tw«?„  IJ  :  .^A'  '""'"^^  ^^'•^  "o  thoy  governed  ?   Whal 

two  m  the  next  ?  Bj  what  governed  ? 

Specimen  or  Parsinc. 
They  desired  me  to  call  them  brethren. 

Exercises  in  Parsing 
The  king  created  him  duke. 
The  voice  of  the  nation  declared  him  a  traitor. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 


.  ^."ITy^  ^1     Neuter  verbs  of  motion  and  chano-e  arp  ^« 

h«"n  f  ^k'"''''''''*  ^^^  ^"^«'^  Obligation  i^ral'so  reL^' 
the  number  was  now  amounted,  &c.  ' 

-F/f/sc  S///rf«3:  <o  ie  corrected. 
If  such  maxims  and  such  practices  prevail  wnar  ha- 
become  ol  decency  and  virtue  ?  I  have  coTe  accordin^^ 
th3  .me  proposed  ;  but  1  have  fallen  upon  an  evU  hou^ 
He  ^vas  entered  i  ,to  the  connexion,  before  thJ  coZ: 
«|U3nces  were  cons  dered.  cons»- 

Njte  4.  Part  1  Intransitive  veros  mav  he^e  f  hn  «»«». 
.ase  aaer  them  as  that  which  next  preSs  l.^m;  ^fi 
im  he  whom  hey  converted  ;  I  believe  it  tc  hTve  b^. 
Urn  ;  //.  desired  to  be  their  king  ;  She  walks  a  ylem 

Q«C5feon^  Whai  pronoun  is  next  after  an  intransit?^ 
^erb  ui  tlie  first  example  ?  I„  what  case  is  it V  \\S  !! 
iran^itiye  verb  in  the  second  example  ^  What  cnlrh  J^ll 
Bfciuru  ii^  ano  wiiat  axier  it^  " 


RULE  12) 


SYNTAX 


61 


Spe  riMEN  OF  Parsing 

He  desired  to  be  their  king. 

K^ngh  a  conimon  noun,  of  the  third  person,  singt  lor  num. 

9er  and  nommativo  case  afler  the  intransitive  ?erb  toZ 

^canse  he,  the  case  vv  nc,l,  next  precedes  it,  is  in  the  nomt? 

SiieVerbs,    Jg!.^-^^^  ^^  ^he  note  which  kys,    «  I„"  rSI 

Part  2  Passive  verbs  which  signify  naming,  and  otheif 
of  a  smular  nature,  have  the  sa^Te  else  befor^  and  aft" 
thorn  ;  as,   He  was  called  C<esar  ;  She  was  named  Penelt 

SrVat/?S  "  '''''''  ^'^  ^'"''^  ''  ^^«  P-*« '   -^-^  was 

Q"'fons.  What  noun  is  put  after  a  verb  of  naming,  in 
Ihe  first  example  ?  In  what  case  is  it ?  Why?  In  what 
case  is  prince,  in  the  third  example  ?     Why  ? 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

he  same  part,  if  I  were  him,  or  in  his  situation.     If  it  was 
lot  mm,  wiio  do  you  imagine  it  to  have  been  ? 

o.^f.''^  ^*i  T?^  auxiliary  verb  let  governs  the  objeoiive 
ca^e,as,  Let /«m  be  ware  ;  Let  W5  judge  correctly  :  Let 
tkem  not  presume  ;   Let  George  study  his  lesson. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
Whatever  others  do,  let  thou  and  I  act  wisely.    Lot  thoa 
«nd  we  unite  to  oppose  this  growing  evil 


RULE   XII. 

One  verb  governs  another  that  follows  it,  or  de 
peuds  upon  it,  in  the  infinitive  mode  :  as,  Oeaar 
fofifoevii;  Leariwo  rfo  well ;  We  should  be  pr«y 
pared  to  render  an  account  of  our  actions. 

The  preposition  to,  though  generally  used  be 
fore  the  laner  verb,  is  sometimes  properly  omit^ 
ted ;  as,  I  heard  him  say  it ;  instead  of,  to  say  it. 

questions.  What  is  the  infinitive  mode  in  each  exampl** 
By  ^  lat  governed  ?    Why  i  *^ 


82 


EWGLISH  f,RAMMAR.  (rULE   i3 


The  folfoicin^  HuU,  with  the  verb  insf^.^id.  is  thoyr/h\ 
to  tnclvde  all  that  r dates  to  the  g over mncnt  of  the  iitjnniiv 
mtdCf  and  in  plainer  terms  than  the  oriirinal  rule  :~ 

Rule.  The  infinitive  mode  is  governed  by  (verba) 
•djectrves,  substantives,  and  participles;  as,  Wa  is  eaoer 
to  learn  ;  Sh3  is  icorthy  to  be  loved  ;  Tliey  liave  a  delir^ 
o  improve  ;  Endeavouring  to  persuade. 

Qiie-tions.  By  what  part  of  speech  is  the  infinit'vc 
rjyerricd,  m  the  first  example  ?  By  what  in  the  second.' 
VV  hat  in  the  third  ?     In  the  last  ? 

Specimen  of  Parsing. 

She  is  worthy  to  be  loved. 

To  he  loved  is  a  passive  verb,  in  the  infinitir«»  mode, ' 
and  governed  by  tiie  adjective  worthy  ;  agreeably    to  the 
rule  which  yays,  "  The  infinitive  mode  is  governed,"  &c. 

Exercises  in  Parsing, 
Cease  to  do  evil. 
Learn  to  do  well. 
Thev  have  a  desire  to  do  right. 
She  is  endeavouring  to  persuade. 
'Tis  wise  to  talk  with  our  past  hours. 

Part  I.    The  infinitive  sometimes  follows  the  word  as^ 
bus,  An  object  so  high  as  to  he  invisible;    A  question  no 
obscure  as  to  perplex  the  understanding. 

Part  2.  The  infinitive  occasionally  follows  ihan,  after  a 
<omparison;  as,  He  desired  nothing  more  than  to  know 
tiia  own  imperfections. 

Part  3.  The  infinitive  mode  is  often  made  absolute,  oi 
Oaed  independently  on  the  rest  of  the  sentence,  supplying 
tlie  place  of  the  conjunction  that,  with  the  potential  mode  ■. 
a/i,  To  confess  the  truth  1  was  in  fault ;  that  is,  that  I  mav 
fionfess,  &c. 

Tart  4.  The  verbs  bid,  dare,  need*,  make,  ice,  kmr, 
^hel,  ard  also  let,  not  used  as  an  auxiliary,  and  a  f">» 
otners,  have,  in  the  active  form,  the  infiu  tive  after  theza 
without  \\w  sion  ti  before  it;  as,  I  bade  him  do  it;  Ye 
dare  no»  Ho  .t  •  1  ba\\  him  rfo  it ;  I  heard  him  ^ay  it  •  Thou 
leticsi  hmi  ^o. 


BULE  13.) 


SYNTAX. 


89 


question.     VVhdt  verby  are  used  in  the  infinitive  mocU 
riiiiout  the  Mffn  tof 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrjsted. 
it  is  bc/.ter  live  on  a  little,  than  outlive  a  great  deal 
¥ou  ought  not  walk  too  hastily.      I  wish  him  not  wrestle 
W^th  hia  happiness.     I  need  not  to  solicit  him  to  do  a  kirid 
•cticn.     1  have  seen  some  young  persons  to  conduct  thoin 
lelres  very  discreetly. 

RULE  xni. 

In  the  use  of  words  and  phrases  which,  in  point 
of  time,  relate  to  each  other,  a  due  regard  to  that 
relation  should  be  observed.  Instead  -f  saying, 
The  Lo-d  hath  given^  and  the  Lord  hath  taken 
away ;  we  should  say,  The  Lord  gave,  and  the 
Lord  hath  taken  away.  Instep  '  of,  I  remember  the 
family  more  than  twenty  years ;  it  should  be,  I 
have  remembered  the  family  more  than  twenty  years. 

Question.  In  the  example,  why  use  gase  instead  of  hath 
given  r 

False  Sijntaz  to  he  corrected. 
The  next  new  year's  lay,  I  shall  be  at  school  three  years. 
iTom  the  little  conversation   I  had  with  him,  he  appeared 
to  have  been  a  man  of  letters.     It  would  have  given  mo 
great  satisfaction  to  relieve  him  from  that  distressed  situa 
tion. 

RULE    XIV. 

Participles  have  the  same  government  as  the 
rerbs  have  from  which  they  are  derived  ;  as,  I  am 
weary  with  hearing  him;  She  is  instructing  us: 
1  he  tHtor  is  a(//«o/ii.s/im(7  Charles 

Questions.  Which  is  the  •participle  m  the  first  example' 
from  what  is  it  derived  ?  What  does  it  govern  ?  Why  ''^ 
A.  Because  the  verb  A«rtr  would  govern  the  objective  case 
htm;  and.  the  rule  «avs,  "  Participles  have  the  same  govern- 
meut  &c.  Which  is  the  participle  in  thfe  next  example? 
What  does  It  govern  ?  Why?  Which,  in  the  next.-'  VVhal 
does  It  govern  .^     Why* 


irr 


84  ENGLISI'    GRAMMAR.  \RUhE  14 

Specimkn  of  Parsing. 

Speaking  truth. 

1  Uh  18  a  common  noun,  third  person,  singular  number. 
IT  the  objective  case,  and  governod  by  the  participle  svetut* 
**^^  *  agreeably  co  the  rule  -vhich  says,  "  Participles,'  &«, 

Exercises  in  Parsinsr.  ^ 

Having  early  disgraced  hims  ilf,  he  became  mean  and 
i»ru»>riteQ. 

Knowing  liiin  to  be  my  superior,  I  cheerfully  submitted 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

P.steeming  theirselves  wice,  they  became  fools.     Sug 
peeling  not  only  ye,  but  they  also,  I  was  studious  to  avoui 
ftJ'  intercourse.     From  having  exposed  hisself  too  freel? 
ni  different  climates,  ho  entirely  lost  his  health. 

Part  1.  A  participial  or  verbal  noun,  whether  simple 
or  compound,  may  be  either  in  the  nominative  or  objective 
ca>^e,  and  may  have  a  verb  and  adjective  referring  to  it ; 
aw,  fteadinif  is  useful  ;  Ho  mentioned  a  boy's  having  been 
coi  reded  for  his  faults ;  The  boy's  having  keen  corrected^ 
u  shameful  to  him. 

(Questions.  What  kind  of  a  noun  does  the  first  example 
contain  ?  In  what  case  is  it  ?  What  kind  does  the  second 
tontain  .?    In  what  case  ?    The  third  ?     What  case  ? 

Specimen  of  Parsing. 

The  boy's  having  been  corrected,  is  shameful 

to  him. 
The  having  been  corrected  is  a  participial  noun,  and  in  thf 
nominative  case  to  is  ;  agreeably  to  the  rule  which  sayf 
"  \  participia!  o-  verbal  nofin,"  &c. 

c*AB.T  2     A  participlai  noun,  governod  by  a  prepKnttSoB 
:«  nsod  as  a  nominative,  may  govern  the  objective  case 
as,  John  was  sent  to  prepare  the  way  by  preaching  rcptnt 
««/  c,  and  by  instructing  the  people  ;   Making  books  is  hi» 
•mployment ;  Her  amusement  is  drawing  maps, 

Questions.  1 3  the  participial  noun,  in  th<j  first  example 
governed  by  a  prepf)sition,  or  used  as  a  nominative'  How 
m  it  in  the  next  example  ?    How  m  the  last  ? 


tojut  15.j 


SYNTAX. 


h$ 


Specimen  of  Parsing. 
Making  books  is  his  employment.. 
W5  is  a  common  noun,  third  person,  plural  numbeT. 
Objective  cage,  and  ^rovorned  by  the  participial  noun  vutk- 
IIV',  which  1?  nominative  to  is,    a^rrceablv   to  the  rak 
f  ii'i^b.  wys,  ■'  A  participial  noun,"  &c. 

Part  3     The  active  participle  is  frequently  used  v  itb 
jut   «i  ouvious  relerence  ty  any  noun  or  pronoun:   aft. 
be^orally    spmkiug,    his  conduct   is   very   honourable; 
^rcntiNir  this  to  he  true,  &c.       In  such  instances,  a  mj- 
ooun  is  to  be  understood.  ^ 

^J^.-"'}'  .,^'*^«n  the  article  a,  an,  or  the,  precedes  the 
participle,  it  becomes  a  substantive,  and  niuct  have  the 
prejosition  «/  after  it ;  as,  By  the  observing  of  the  rules, 
you  may  avoid  mistakes  ;  This  was  a  betrayin^r  of  the 
rjrust;    It  is  on  overvaluing  o/ ourselves. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
By  observing  of  truth,  you  will  command  esteem,  a» 
well  as  secure  peace.     A  person  mav  be  great  or  rich  bv 
chance  ;  but  he  cannot  be  wise  or  good,  without  the  tak 
ng  pains  for  it.     Nothing  could  have  made  her  so  unhap- 
>y,  as  ihe  marrying  a  liian  who  possessed  such  principles. 

Note  2.  When  the  prcmoun  precedes  the  participial 
ftoun,  the  preposition  of  should  follow  it;  as,  Much  de- 
pends  on  their  observing  of  the  rule,  as  errour  wiil  he 
the  consequence  of  their  neglecting  of  it. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 
There  will  bo  no  danger  of  their  spoiling  their  faces,  m 
of  their  gaming  converts.     For  his  avoiding  that  precipiZ 
he  ifl  indebted  to  ius  friend's  care.  ^'e«^ 


RULE    XV. 

Adverbs,  though  they  have  no  governraent  9» 
5a.se,  tense,  &c.  require  an  appropriate  situation 
m  the  sentence,  viz.  for  the  most  part  before  ad- 
jei  lives,  alter  verbs  active  or  neuter,  and  frequent- 
ly  between  tlie  auxiliary  and  the  verb :   as    H« 


BO 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR.  (RVLE   h5. 


made  a  vrr^  sc  isible  discourse ;  ]ie  spoke  unaf- 
fectedly and  J^rcihlyy  and  was  atlentivtly  heard  be 
the  whole  assembly. 

What  adverb  in  the  first  example  ?   Where 
What  in  the  other  examples  ?     Wbe-e  are 


Questions. 
is  it  placed  ? 
Ibey  pkced  ? 


Specimen  of  Parhing. 

They  are  certainly  lost. 

Certain} If  is  an  adverb  of  aflinnation,  and  is  placed  be 
tween  the  auxiliary  are  and  tlie   verb  Lost;  a<rreeably  to 
the  rule  which  aays,  "  Adverbs,  though  they  iiave,"  «3fcc. 

Exercises  in  Parsinir. 

We  should  aJwayp  prepare  for  the  worst,  and  hope  for 
t}|e  best. 

A  young  man,  so  benevolent  and  virtuous,  promises  to 
be  a  very  useful  me(nher  of  society. 

When  our  virtuous  friends  die,  they  are  not  lost  forever 
they  are  only  gone  before  us  to  a  haj)pier  world. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

He  was  pleasing  net  often,  because  he  was  vain.  Williara 
nobly  acted,  though  he  was  unsuccessful.  We  may  hap- 
pily live,  though  our  possessions  are  small 

Note  1.  Part  1.  The  adverb  never  generally  precedes 
the  verb  ;  as,  I  never  was  there  j  Ho  never  comes  at  a 
proper  time. 

Part  2.  Ever  is  sometimes  improperly  used  fi>r  never, 
as  I  seldom  oi  ever  see  him :  it  should  be,  1  seldom  ot 
tuverf  &c, 

Fahie  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

They  could  not  persuade  him,  though  they  were  i^r« 
pr.  eloquent.  If  some  persons'  opportunities  were  nevei  w 
&vourabl.e,  they  would  bo  loo  indoler»l  to  improve  thfuj 

NcTE  2.  Part  1.  The  adverb  of  place  where  is  ort»?» 
improperly  used  instead  of  the  pronoun  relative  and  t 
preposition;  as,  They  formed  a  protestation,  tr/fcr<5  thot 
repeated  all  Ih^ir  claims ;  that  is,  in  which  they  ropeatei 


aULEf   10,  17.)  SYNTAX.  Q? 

Part  2.  The  adverbs  here,  there,  anc.  there,  are  oAe« 
Uiiproperly  a|.|)li«Ml  to  verbs  si^rnifvii.jr  nioHon,  insleail  o< 
hither  thither,  whither;  as,  lie  came  //«rc  liaMiJv  ;  Thny 
rode  fAfcrc  \vith  speed;  /FAcrfi  are  you  iroiru' '^  Thoi 
•hoii'd  he,  He  caiiie  hither;  Thoy  rode  thither;  tthi/her 
tLr«  you  going  ? 

False  Syntax  to  he  eorrectrd. 
He  drew  up  a  petitio!i,  where  lie  too  freely  represented 
us  OMn  rrerils.  flis  ti.llies  Jiad  reduced  li.i.i  to  a  situation 
i^iiere  he  had  much  to  tear,  and  nothinjr  to  hope.  It  is  ro- 
prted,  that  the  prince  will  come  here  to-morrow.  Get.rcre 
.8  active ;  he  wnlked  there  in  loss  than  an  hour.  WheTe  ' 
are  you  all  ^roino  .„  such  haste  ?  Wliither  Jiave  Ihey  been 
Binco  they  lelt  the  city  ?  ^ 

•bJJtetr'^*"  *n«rucl.on  conu.ne.l  in  Part  3  of  the  (oregoing  note  i.  f«t  b.eomi«g 

RULE    XVI. 

Two  negatives,  in  English,  destroy  one  another, 
or  are  equivalent  to  an  affirmative ;  as,  Nor  die'' 
they  wo/  perceive  him ;    that  is,  they  did  perceive 
him.      His  language,  though  inelegant,  h  not  un 
grammatical;    that  is,  it  is  grammatical. 

Qltestions.     What  negatives  in  the  first  example  ?    To 
what  are  they  equivalent  ?  Express  it  affirmatively.    What 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 
Be  honest,  nor  take  no  shape  nor  swihlance  ofdisjruise 
Ihero  cannot  be  nothing  more  insionificant  than  vfn'v 
2;^r^Wr  "  ^--^--^'«>  ^hat  we  cannot  ^'^ 

Rm  .  xviL 

Pre^positions  govern  the  objective  ca»e ;  m  I 
feave  heard  a  good  character '0/  her;  From  La 
ttat  IS  m^edy,  turn  not  away;  A  word  to  the  wisf 
IF  sufficient /or  them ;  We  may  be  good  and  happy 
MJi/Ao«/ riches.  ^'^^ 

^^^f'f^ons.      What  preposition   in   the   first   example.' 
V\hat  does  It  govern-      Why?      What  in    the   nixt? 


es 


EN  .'J.ISH    GUAM  MAR  (llULE    17. 


What  lo«8  It  govern  ?  Why  ?   In  tho  next  '    What  does  it 
govoiiL  ?   Why  ?   The  noxt  ?    What  duos  it  govern  ?  VVhj  ? 

Spkcimen  of  Parsinu. 

They  are  siipj)orted  by  industry. 

hitiuittry  is  a  cornnum  noun,  of  the  third  personij  singa 
fair  number,  objective  case,  and  governed  by  the  preposi 
ItioiJ  hy ;  airrecabJy  to  tho  rule  wlii^h  says,  "  I'ropositiow 
f<;veru,''  «Sitc. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

From  wliom  was  that  information  recoiveu  ? 

To  wiiom  do  that  house,  and  those  line  gardens,  belong ' 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected. 

Wo  are  all  accountable  creiitures,  each  for  hifiself.  Doea 
that  boy  know  who  he  spenkH  to  ?  3^\'ho  docs  ho  offer  such 
language  to  ?    It  was  not  ho  that  they  were  ho  angry  with. 

RULE. 

Nouns  expressing  time,  space,  direction,  distance,  value, 
or  dimension,  are  commonly  attended  by  an  ellipsis,  and 

?'overned  by  a  preposition  understood  ;  as,  J  sat  an  hor.r; 
ie  went  a  voyage  ;  They  went  that  way  ;  She  rode  a  mile  ; 
Wisdom  is  worth  a  mine  of  gold;  He  laid  a  floor  ten  feet 
6(juare  ;  that  is,  'tiurin^  an  iiour  ;  on  a  voyage;  in  that 
way  ;  over  or  through  the  distance  «/a  milft;  worthy  of 
over  tli«»  dimension  of  ten  feet  square. 

Specimen  of  Parsinq. 

She  rode  a  mile. 

Mive  IS  a  common  noun,  of  the  third  person,  siugulai 
number,  objective  case,  and  governed  by  the  prepositioig 
9fy  by  supplying  the  ellipsis,  throiitrh  the  distance  ofi 
Igf eeahly  to  tho  rule  v/hich  says,  "  ?^oun8  expre8si»Hj,'*  Aa 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 
Ye  liave  forgotten  me  days  without  number. 
All  the  days  of  my  appointed  time  will  I  wait. 
He  was  banished  his  country. 
I  went  a  journey. 

Part  1  Paniciples  are  frequently  used  as  prepositions, 
>J'  exxtptiiio-.  ri'S[ic,ting^  touching,  concerntng^  according^ 
M ,  They  w  ^re  ail  *  a  fault  except  or  excepting  aim 


ftiJLE  I ;.; 


bVNTAX. 


&} 


b.K>k  ;  Got  me  ho.uo  paper  .  that  is,  to  ,„o,  /..V  1  U^ 
Er;^land"'  "''  '^"^^'  ^"Sl-iU ,    U.t  ^  .o  rZ,  /.^^ 

»f?rrl?  *•  ,'^'ie,Pr«Position  is  often  ungracefully  seDO. 
*tod  from  the  rehtive  whicl,  it  .roverns ;  as  V/ L  i^ 
/v«  «ive  I    to?  instead  of  To  w/Tom  wiilVou  give  If      "" 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 
Vo  hive  no  one  whom  vvu  heartily  wish  well  to   a.nrf 
^nom  "6  are  warmly  conocrned  for,  i  a  deplorable  ^late 
...  .8  a  friend  whom  I  am  liighly  indebted  to. 

NoTK  2.     Different  relations,  and  different  senses  mu«t 
l>e  expressed  by  different  prepositions,  though  in  coniunc 
tion  with  the  same  verb  or  adjective  ;    thus  we  s^v     tL 
converse  v:Uk  a  person,  upo.  l  subjoc't,  li  a  house^&c 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

We  are  often  disappointed  of  thino-s,  which  before  nn, 

Hession,  promised  much   enjoyment"  '  J  have   WnSv 

desired  the.r  company,  but  have  always  hithert.  beTn  d  ^^ 

appointed  in  that  pleasure.  ^ 

.it!!nI'iAf^"  accurate  and  appropriate  use  of  the  prepo- 
iitions  IS  of  groat  importance  ; I'^^y^ 

F,Ksr_With  respect  to  the  preposition  of;    as,  He  is 
resolved  of  gom.  to  the  Persiaii  court ;   on  u-oh!,   iV 
Th.  ram  hath  been  falling  of  a  long  timi  ;   falli  l"kroL' 
tune  ;  Ho  went  out  o/an  evening  ;  an  evoninct.    "*        ^ 

SKcoND-Witli  respect  to  the  prepositions  to  and  for 
tJ,  You  have  bestowed  your  favtfurs  to  the  most  deserv  Uff! 
pejsons;  w/^oft  the  most  deserving,  &c. ;    He  accused  flf* 
lt:nistersy.r  betraying  the  DutchTo/haWng  betray^^^^  &e 

TuiRD—With  respect  to  the  prepositions  with,  on  antf 
.PON  ;  as,  Reconciling  himself  .U://l  the  king  :  7o  the  kin^ 

L lhr'/''^''1  P'"^^^^'  '  ^'^""^^^  »"^-  hav«  thought  on 
«i(  nghiof;    A  great  quantity  may  bo  taken  from  th^ 
ueap,  wituout  making-  any  alteration  upon  it ;  in  it 

o 


M  KN(i|.ISh  hmaAUAH.  ^L  'LE    4  8. 

Fo<rRrH  WitV  rospoot  to  the  pipp„siti..riM  from,  inro 
AFTER,  Bv,  OUT,  ..T  iVc.  ;  as.  Tliev  HhoiiM  In.  infnrmnd  in 
•OJiie  parts  ot  hw  clmructor  ;   about  or  conrc/  «/i^/,  ^c 

Faht  Syntax  to  br.  en r recti  d 
Sho  finds  a  ditllculty  ol'  lixinL'  hor  mind.  The  o  ah  ra 
*atcr,  and  iM  died  for  tlurnt.  1  l,.,v«  no  r^-casion  :f  hi- 
wrviccs.  J  hiH  iH  a  principle  in  unison  to  unr  natiiro  Th  'U 
fconse  IS  Hifuat«ul  to  the  n..rth-oa-f  side;  i.f  thu  mad  Mc 
nran  accuHod  with  havin^r  acted  unfairly.  'I'Juur  condued 
waa  a^'reeable  with  their  prolow-siou. 

Notk4  P.^rM.  TJio  preposition  to  is  used  before 
nouns  >f  plare,  vvnen  they  follow  verbs  and  partiripiuh  a. 
motion  ;  a«,  I  went  to  London  ;  I  am  going  to  town. 

Part  2.  /n  ib  set  before  countries,  cities,  ufid  larcre 
iowns  ;  as,  IIo  lives  in  France,  in  London,  in  Hirnnngharn 

Part  3     At   is  generally  used  after  the  verb  to  be  ;  as, 
I  have  bet n«/ London;  and  before  viJIu^MM,  single  houses 
and  cities,  which  are  in  distant  countries  •  as,  He  lives  ol 
tlacknny  ;  He  resides  at  Montpelior. 

Falst  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

I  have  been  to  London,  after  \mvin4  resided  a  year  at 

France;    and  I  now  live  in  Islington.      They    have  just 

andod  in  Hull,  and  are  .roing  for  Liverpool.     They  inland 

to  reside  some  time  at  Ireland.  J  ^ 


RULE  xvni. 

Conjunctions  and  commas  connect  like  words, 
the  same  modes  and  tenses  of  verbs,  and  cases  of 
nouns  and  pronouns ;  as,  Candour  is  to  he  approved 
and  practised ;  If  thou  sincerely  dtsircy  and  ear- 
nestly pwr^we  Virtue,  she  will  assuredly  he  Jounu  by 
ftee,  and  prove  a  rich  reward ;  The  master  taught 
fur  and  me  to  write ;  He  and  she  were  school- 
fellows. 

f^estions.    Of  what  mode  and  tense  is  practised  f  Whvi 


'I.K    k8. 


>M,   inro 

'•riiind  in 


0    ah  rtc 
^n    -f  lij*! 

>ad.     Me 
condue' 


i  before 
'ipioh  tM 
/n. 

id  Inr^e 
inglium 

/'c  ;  as, 
liout^es, 
lives  a4 


year  at 
ve  just 
r  int«nd 


Speciheic  ok  Parjino. 

If  he  go  tlie  voyage  and  prosper. 

tod  i»  o„„nwt.,d   L  1  r;„ J   ^  '/"'"""'  "'"«"'"'  •"""'>«'. 

^""•W,  to  ll.e  r-(^  whi;nr»'",7„r,f'  ";•""'  ^"''  «" ' 
Ao  wiuuij  says,     UonjunctioiiMConntttt.," 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 
M     u      ■      ^"'^'' ^ytax  to  be  corrected. 

Eahe  Syntax  to  be  corrected 
'dul'tZ'   He  dUf "?'"'  '"^'  ^^'^  "^^»  — -i'y  pro. 
fully  convinced  of  it     ^  ^  ''''^"  ^^W^,  and  is  now 


ivords, 
ises  of 
proved 
d  ear- 
inu  by 
taugbt 
chool* 

Why/ 

's  «u^ 


RULE  xrx. 
ruh,  that,  when  someth  nJ  o      "'     ^  ''  ^  ^^"^'^^ 


92 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (i?DI  «    19 


If.    \L 


v'    ' 


,'$ 


Q^3StiolVl.  Of  what  mode  ia  incrti  ?  Why?  Uevtnlf 
Why?   Mvonccs?   Why?   Recedes f   Why:    /<?   Whj 

Fa^A'6  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

ThoUja'  hf)  urges  me  yet  more  earnestly,  I  shall  ik^ 
©iiinply,  unless  he  advances  more  forcible  reasons.  ISltf 
iisappicv^ed  the  measure,  because  it  vvere  very  imprcpor 
rhoagh  trie  fact  bo  extraordinary,  it  certainly  did  happia, 

Note  1.  Th -3  particle  as,  when  it  is  connected  with  th« 
ft\onoun  such,  has  the  force  of  a  relative  pronoun ;  as,  Let 
iuch  //«  proaume  to  advise  others,  look  well  to  their  own 
conduct. 

Specimen  ok  Parsing. 

I  .ei  such  as  presume  to  advise  others,  look  well 
to  their  own  conduct. 

^s  is  a  rol.'itive  pronoun,  referring  to  such  for  its  ante- 
cedent, of  the  third  person,  plural  number,  and  nominativa 
ease  to  pr"  :rni,r. :  agreeably  to  the  note  which  says,  "The 
I  article  <  >,  when,"  <Slc. 

Exercises  in  Parsing. 

Such  men  as  know  their  interest  will  avoid  the  place. 
He  is  reprobcnted  to  bo  su^h  a  character  as  is  but  sel- 
dom seen. 

In  such  company  as  I  found  there,  i  should  dehght  to 
remain 

Note  2  Some  conjimctions  have  their  corresponding 
conjunct  ions  bol..ngtag  to  tliom,  so  that,,  in  tJip  subiiequea* 
member  of  the  sentence,  the  latter  ansvvers  to  the  former; 
as, 

1.  Though,  yet,  nevertheless;  as,  Tliough  he  wai 
lich   yet  for  our  sakcs  he  bocauio  poor. 

2.  Whether— ok;  as,  Whethe"  he  will  go  or  not,  ? 
saniiot  tell. 

3.  Eii'HEP — OP  ,  as,  I  will  either  send  it,  cr  hiing  U 
ai^'-soif 

4.  N?.iTH.!R— NOR  ;  a«,  Neither  thou  nor  \  am  ablo  It 
Cjuiipoao  it. 

5.  As — AS  ,  expressing  a  comparison  of  equality  ;  as, 
She  is  as  amiable  as  her  sister. 

6.  As — so;  e-vpr^sHJng  a  comparison  of  equality  j  aa| 
da  tb*?  ^titSv  bO  shall  thy  seed  be , 


RT7LE   20.) 


SYNTAX. 


99 


epint\ 
Whj 


ii 


The 


if7;K-^^"!''L®''^TT=.*''""'P^"^^"  of  quality,  aa, 
as  the  one  dieth,  so  dieth  the  othor.  J'  •    «^ 

^»:\i?'^''^liy'^^  I  ''*^'}'  ^xP'-essing  a  comparison  di 
Bquihty;  as,  lo  see  thy  glory,  sous  we  have  seen  it  n 
lljy  sanctuary. 

9.  So— AS  ;  with  a  negative  and  ain  adjective  exnre«», 
».!?  „c«"»Pa"«on  of  quantity ;  as,  Poinpey  was  not  w 
ffeat  a  man  as  Cajsar. 

^e'.'  ^"—'^"ATJ  expressing  a  consequence:  as.  }h  voe 
M  tatigued,  «Aa£  he  could  not  move. 

False  Syntax  to  he  corrected 
Neither  the  cold  or  the  fervid,  but  cliaracters  unirbrmlv 
«rar,Li,  are  formed  for  friendship,  l^hey  are  both  nra^se^ 
worthy  and  one  is  equally  deserving  as  the  other.  He  is 
not  as  dihgont  and  learned  as  his  brother.  Neither  despise 
or  oppose  wiiat  thou  dost  not  understand.  The  house  is 
not  a.s  commodious  as  we  expected  it  would  be.  The  doff 
m  the  manger  would  neither  eat  the  hay  himself,  or  sutfe? 
the  ox  to  eat  it.  ''  ' 

RULE    XX. 

Wlien  the  qualities  of  different  things  are  com- 
pared, the  latter  noun  or  pronoun  is  not  governt^d 
by  the  conjunction  than  or  ««,  but  is  nominative  to 
a  verb,  or  is  governed  by  a  verb  or  preposition, 
expressed  or  understood ;  as,  Thou  art  wiser  than 
1;  that  IS,  than  I  a-n ;  They  k»ved  him  more  than 
me ;  that  is,  more  thf^ji  they  loved  me ;  The  senti- 
ment is  well  expressed  by  Plato,  but  much  better 
by  Solomon  than  him  ;  that  is,  than  by  him. 

Questions.  What  are  compared  in  the  first  example  >  In 
«^hat  case  is  the  latter  pronovn  ?  What  verb  is  understood 
to  which  It  18  nominative  ?  V^hat  are  compared  in  the  next 
example  ?  In  what  case  is  the  latter  ponoun  ?  By  wha! 
fc  It  governed  .?  ^y  what  is  him  governed  in  the  next  i»i- 
•n!,:>ler 

Specimen  of  Parsino. 
A  good  name  is  better  than  wealth. 
Wealth  is  a  common  noun,  third  person,  singnki 'nnmh 
MBf,  ariJnyninativecaseto  is,  understood;   agreeably  U 
Uie  niie  whicl  says,  ''  When  the  qualities,'  &i 


94 


14 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAR.  (bULE  21 


Exercises  in  Parsing. 
Thosa  persons  are  abuiidaiitly  more  oppressed  than  w« 
1  hou^h  I  am  not  so  good  a  scholar  as  he  is,  I  am,  per 
hape,  not  less  attentive  than  ho  to  my  studies. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 

lie  business  was  much  better  executed  bj  his  broth©! 

S  an  he.     They  are  much  greater  gainers  than  me  by  th.il 

tiiiexpected .  event.      They  know  how  to  write  as  well  ai 

Mini ;    but  he  is  a   much  better  grammarian  than   them 

1  hou  art  a  much  greater  loser  than  me   by   his   deatli. 

She  suffers  ii(.urJy  more  than  me.      Who  betrayed  her 

com{>anion  ?   Not  me.    Who  revealed  the  secrets  he  outrht 

to  have  concealed  ?     Not  him.     There  is  but  one  in  fault, 

fcnd  that  is  me. 


^ 


J  RULE    XXI. 

To  avoid  disagreeable  repetitions,  and  to  ex- 
press our  ideas  in  a  few  words,  an  ellipsis,  or 
omission  of  some  words,  is  frequently  admitted, 
instead  of  saying,  He  was  a  learned  man,  he  was 
tt  wise  man,  and  he  was  a  good  man ;  we  nse  the 
ellipsis,  and  say.  He  was  a  learned,  wise,  and  good 
man. 

When  the  omission  of  words  would  obscure  the 
sentence,  weaken  its  force,  or  be  attended  with  an 
impropriety,  they  must  be  expressed.  In  the  sen- 
tence, We  are  apt  to  love  who  love  us,  the  word 
them  should  be  supplied  ;  A  beautiful  field  and 
trees,  \i  not  proper  language,  because,  if  we  sup- 
ply the  ellipsis,  it  will  read,  iV  beautiful  field  and 
a  bfauiiful  trees  In  this  case  it  is  better  to  as€ 
tnother  adjective ;  as,  A  berutiful  field  and  Jim 

Questions  WTiy  is  man  omitted  ?  What  is  ♦>»•-  ^'^if 
mm  of  man  oaliod  ?  Why  not  omit  them  in  the  examoli 
ondor  tho  other  part  of  the  rule  '  *^ 


RULE 


22.) 


SYNTAX. 


9d 


Fahe  Syntax  to  he  corrected 
These  counsels  were  the  dictates  of  virtue,  and  the  die 
tatesof  true  honour.     We  must  guard  against  too  £reat 
wevoTity  or  facility  of  manners.       By    hese  hapi.v  l^ors. 
tney  who  sow  and  reap  will  rejoice  together. 

Note.  The  noun  is  frequently  omitted  in  the  fr  llowinj 
mil  er  ;  The  laws  of  God  and  man  ;  that  is,  The  laws  of 
Wod  and  the  laws  of  man  Emphasis  renders  the  ellipsif 
m  tho  noun  improper. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 
Avarice  and  cunning  may  acquire  an  estate  ,  but  rv»- 
r.^e  and  cunnmg  cannot  gain  friends.     The  anxious  man 
i»  the  votary  ot  riches  i  the  negligent,  of  pleasure. 


ex- 


RULE    XXII. 

A.11  the  parts  of  a  sentence  should  correspond 
10  each  other ;  a  regular  and  dependent  construc- 
tion throughout  should  be  carefully  preserved. 
The  following  sentence  is  therefore  inaccurate;* 
He  was  more  beloved,  but  not  so  much  admired 
Hs  Cmthio.  More  requires  thmi  after  it,  which 
IS  no  vviiere  found  in  the  sentence.  It  should  be 
He  was  more  beloved  than  Cinthio,  but  not  so 
mu?h  admired. 

False  Syntax  to  be  corrected. 
He  is  more  bold  and  active,  but  not  so  wise  and  etudioui 
as  his  companion.     Neither  has  he,  nor  aiy  other  perscnt, 
.mspocted  so  much  dissimulation.    Several  altemions  and 
Msjibona  havfl  been  made  tc  the  work, 


m 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


11  \ 


lU  i 


i' 


PROSODY. 

Ptoiody    consists  of   two  parts:    the    forrart 
te«€hes  the  true  pronunciation  of  words,  coDipng 

ing   ACCKNT,     QUANTITY,     EMPJIASIS,     PAUSE,     Aui 

fowE,  and  the  latter  the   aws  of  v^:ItsIFJ cation 

ACCENT. 

Accent  is  the  laying  of  a  peculiar  stress  of  he 
voice  on  a  certain  letter  or  svIJable  in  a  word 
that  It  may  be  better  heard  than  the  rest,  or  dni^ 
tinguished  horn  them ;  as,  in  tlie  word  presume, 
the  stress  of  the  voice  must  be  on  the  letter  m,  in 
the  second  syllable,  sume,  which  takes  the  accent 

QTJANTITY. 

The  quantity  of  a  syllable  is  that  time  which  is 
occupied  in  pronouncing  it.  It  is  considered  as 
long  or  short. 

A  vowel  or  syllable  is  long  when  the  accent 
IS  on  the  vowel;  which  occasions  it  to  be  slowly 
joined,  in  pronunciation,  to  the  following  letter; 
as,  /a//,  Wc,  mood^  hmise,  feature. 

A  syllable  is  short  when  the  accent  is  on  the 
consonant;  which  occasions  the  vowel  to  b« 
quickly  joined  to  the  succeeding  letter :  as,  ant\ 
bonnet^  hunger. 

A  long  syllable  requires  double  the  time  of  a 
ihort  one  in  pronouncing  it;  thus,  ?««/«  and  noi€ 
fchould  be  prom  winced  as  slowly  again  as  mat  and 


EMPHASIS. 


By  emphasis   is   meant  a  stronger  and  fnller 
•ound  of  voice,  by  vhich   wp  distinguish  somn 


P^tOSODT. 


91 


'ODipiig 
ATION 


I  of   hts 

I  word, 

or  tlia- 

)re$u7ne. 

er  u 


,  iD 
accent 


hich  is 
ired  as 

accent 
slowly 
letter ; 

on  the 

to  b« 

},  ant). 

e  of  • 
d  note 
at  and 


word,  or  words,  on  which  we  design  to  lav  nar 
hcuUr  stress,  and  to  show  how  it  affects  the  ?^si 

oi'ist   be   distingnished   by   a   particular   ton '  nj 
Toice,  as  well  a*  by  a  greater  stress  ' 

PAUSES. 

Parses  or  rests    in  speaking  or  reading,  art  . 
toul  cessation  of  the  voice,  during  a  perceptible 
U  J,  m  many  cases,  a  measurable  space  of  tim..  ' 

TONES. 

Tones   are  different   both  from  emphasis  and 
P'uses;  consisting  in  the  modulation  of  the  voice 
J^.e  notes  or  variations  of  sound,  which  weemp;? 
in  the  expression  of  our  senjiments.  ^   ' 

VERSIFICATION. 

Versification  is  the  arrangement  of  a  certain 

^^rttria:;:  ^"'^^^'  °^  '>'"'^'-'  --«^'i  s 

«f  ^J"''  '"  *f  «°r-«Pon<lence  of  the  last  sound 


fnllei 
sonif 


98 


ENGLISH  GRAMMAR 


I 


PUNCTUATION. 

Punctuation  is  the  art  of  dividing  a  writtei 
composilioii  into  sentences,  or  parts  of  sentences, 
by  points  or  stops,  for  the  purpose  of  marki  ig  the 
different  pauses,  which  the  sense  and  an  accu.-a-e 
pronunciation  require. 

(^estion.     What  is  punctuation? 

COMMA. 

The  Comma  usually  separates  those  parts  of  a 
entence,  which,  though  very  closely  connected 
m  sense  and  construction,  require  a  pause  between 
them. 

Question.    What  does  the  comma  usually  separate  ? 

Rule  i.  IVit/i  respect  to  a  simple  sentence,  the  several 
Awards  of  which  it  consists  have  so  near  a  relation  to  each 
ether,  that,  in  general,  no  points  are  requisite,  except  a 
full  stop  at  the  end  of  it ;  as,  '  The  fear  of  the  Lord  is  the 
beginning  of  wisdom.'  '  Every  part  of  matter  swarms  with 
livmg  creatures.' 

Question.  Why  is  no  pause  requisite  in  these  example*, 
except  at  the  end  i 

Ji  simple  sentence,  however,  trhen.  it  is  a  long  one,  and 
the  novunatise  case  is  accompanied  with  inseparable  ad- 
juncts, may  admit  of  a  pause  immediately  before  the  ve  b, 
ts,  '  The  good  taste  of  the  present  age,  has  not  allowed  ui 
to  neglect  the  cuh,ivation  of  the  English  language ;'  <  To 
»e  totally  indiiferent  to  praise  or  censure,  is  a  real  defect 
'n  3haracter.' 

Questions  Why  is  a  pause  inserted  before  the  verb  ha», 
m  the  first  example  ?  Which  word  is  the  nominativi 
^e  ?  By  what  inseparable  adjuncts  is  it  acco)fipanied? 
Why  a  pause  belore  tlie  verb  is,  in  the  next  example  ? 

Rule  ii.  !Fhen  the  connexion  of  the  different  parts  of 
M  nmple  sentence  is  interrupted  by  an  imperfect  phrase,  4 
Qomma  is  usually  introduced  before  the  beginning ^  and  «■ 


PUNCTUATl  tN. 


99 


IhL  interrupt  onsa/rjlX  "'"'='' ^PPf-ved.'   Hut  „l,ei 

tipted?     Whore  arft  e  Z «"  Sod f  W.""'-'''/  '"'"■ 
na  o,mt.ed  in  the  two  1 J  evamplos"^         ''-^  "  ""=  """"^ 

i^w^g^vw  of  the  duje„to:eal'„:r;v.r;,;:;^  !^t 

vir.uo,  a„.wWo„r/ro/Ti,.'^'iVT '"';'■  ^'^^  '  "'«'^"n. 

s^^-^sisHiTtT^t?'-''^ 

-«iJ«tod  h,  h.  kttr  un-elta^^j  ^:^!^;tZC'^ 

thcta:Xst™ct.^''''fe  di't'  '''"."'""''  <-"  ''» 
Barijo  construction  ?  ^°''  ""dcrstand  by  tlw 

lue  ,„„/  vice  form  »  '"""'""«'  %  «  f>',jnnrMm  ;  as, '  Vir 

natural  difforc^cL  bet^oe  f  merZ'"'^".''"'"'  "J'''"™  '»  • 
v.ce,  wiadom  and  folly  •  "'  ""''  <•«'"«"''  virtue  and 

f  ;'.7;   ^"^  "«  "«'-  »»  --"as  in  the.  example,  > 

:na„ces,„ay  bo  Suij  to  b  "' mSfe^^'■r7' ■  "'  ' ''»' 
porous  mconlives  to  evil  ■■  t„.„  ''">I'sod.i,s,  or  d»j» 
.t.on,th  of  our  bodie.  l^^iJ^ZT::,  it^^'  "" 

■^^:5i^t3i:t^ei."'''«-«^'-^«»- 

inserted  to  danot  i  it  uJL  ^^'  ^  ^""""''  -should  U 
twnen  th(3  last  ad.octive  and  Z  T  ^'''"'^  /'  ''>l''nvahlo  be- 
oonini.  is  there  pVeW  -  onlttd       "'  ""^''  ^"^^  ^^  ^^« 


100 


ENGLISH    GRAMMAn. 


,s 


Lii 


Rule  iv.  Twjor  more  atlj-xtivrs,  bdonmnir  to  thr  t-mi 
mhstanuveare  likewise  sepLated  by  conlas;T'vl^, 
^one«t  trutli,  wantn  nc  artilioial  covering  ;'  ♦  David  wl  ", 
^rave   w.se,  and  pious  nmn ;'  '  A  wonmnVgenUe%ensU  le 

wros  are  the  sweetest,  the  most  rational,  the  most  a  lect 
mg,  and  the  most  lastinrr.'  *  *^''*^*^' 

J^«t'^7.«u...       What  adjectives  ir  the  examples  ?      VVb^ 
Sey  bSonir'''  ^^  '"""""'  "      ^^"  ^^^^  ^Sbstanlivc  % 

Hon   are  not  separated  by  a  comma  ;  as,  '  True  worth  if 
modest  «,../  retired  ;'  '  Truth  is  fair  and  artless  7nnXand 

forsir.  T'''^  ""'  ^?-^^^^«"t/    '  We  must  be  Ti  e  ^r 
looJifaii ,  there  is  no  medium.' 

Dlefsen-irn';^,^^^^  ^''  ""!  ^^'^  adjectives  in  these  e:cam 
pjes  separated  by  commas  ^ 

ii^l"^^  ""*  T}''''''';!''%^''r^^^^'"^i^g  the  same  nrnni^ia. 
tzve  case  and  immediately  folio  icing  one  another,  are  also 
separated  by  commas;  as,  '  Virtue  supports  in  adversity" 
moderates  m  prosperity  ;'  'In  a  'otter,  wo  may  advise,  ex. 
hort,  comfort,  request,  and  discuss.'  ' 

questions.  What  verbs  in  the  examples?  Whv  are 
they  separated  by  a  pomma?     What  is  their  nominative 

Two  verbs  immedmtely  connected  by  a  conjunction,  ar% 
anexccpf^nn  to  the  above  rule  ;  as,  <  The  study  of  natural 
history  ex,  »nds  and  elevates  the  mind  ;'  '  Whetlier  we  eat 
»7  ftiint,  jabor  or  sleep,  we  should  be  moderate.' 

qutstu,n.  Why  are  not  the  verba  in  these  exaroplea 
tepa*  (1  u;d  &y  a  conmia  ?  ^ 

Two  or  more  participles  are  subject  to  a  similar  ruU 
And  except: on:  as,  '  A  man,  fearinir,  serving,  and  lovrna 
0..  Creator       He  was  happy   in   being  loved,  esteemej 
Mfi  respected  ;'♦  By  bemg  admired  and  flattered,  we  ai« 
onen  corrupted.'  ' 

Question.    Why  are  the  partlcioles  separated  in  tht  Brm 
&s»u:^tOj  aJiu  uoi  ii!  um  iaat  ^ 


PUNCTUATION. 


101 


are  ftarfuliy,  .^on.to  iJlvXu^f. ^ "';'''"- V  »''  '  W. 

.^eyare  not  parted  by  acoZlS  'f  <^  ""  conjum,,^ 
^e  must  live  v^rtuousro.vfciousfy  "'  ''  ""  ""'^^"«  ^^'-^^^^ 
-^a^d  by  ^^:^'  ^^-^^^  '"  these  example.,  „ol 


RjTLE    VII 


lowed  that  depend.  J„  them"  ^  "'""  "^  ""^y  <■»'• 

arrive^d  at  the  deSd  iXf'e  J"'*^''  "'"  "'"^^  "f  tliday; 

wh?rt:''u beir^^n "Z'^Tii^i-^  --™p'«'  -^o 

divided?  ^  -^  ^^^'^t  mtervonmg  phrase  is  if 

your  many^favorsV  "  "^^'^''*^  '"  ^''^^^  '^iz/neniv,  fot 

'^  UiTet^ple?"'  expressions  in  a  direct  ^dres«  occu, 

^otte^r.  ^:z:d  t:!:':^  "i '''  ^^^''^'^  -^^^^  «*- 

tone.  ;  as,    iL  ft  her  2,^7^'"""  '^^  ^"'^  "f '^'^  ^^» 
->       ^  plainer  dying,  he  succeeded  to  the  estuttt 


10!; 


tNCiLISH    UHAMMaR,     » 


1&, 


At  lei^th,  thjir  ministry  per*'ornied,  and  rare  weh  rim, 
Uiey  l<}lt  the  world  in  peace  ;'  ♦  To  confess  tJjo  truth,  1  wai 
much  in  fault.' 

Question.  Point  out  the  case  absolute,  and  the  infini 
tivo  m^do  absolute,  in  the  examples. 

RriF  XI.  Xovrn,  in  upposufon,  that  is,  nouns  addtd  t^ 
Hiit.r  KC'ii:^'  in  the  same  rase,  hy  way  of  txpUration  or  il 
mstru'.wr,  xchtn  aceojnpanixd  with  adjut  cts,  are  set  ojf  hv 
commas  ;  as,  '  Paul,  the  apcstlo  ot'tlie  CieulHcH,  was'emr. 
Ment  for  his  zeal  nnd  knowlcdiro  ;'  *  Tiio  buttorily,  cinld  o) 
the  summer,  flutters  in  the  sun.' 

Queatzons.  What  nouns  in  apposition  m  your  examples  ? 
By  what  adjuncts  are  tiiey  accompanied.' 

Bat,  if  S7ich  nouns  are  sintrle,  or  only  form  a  proper 
name,  they  are  not  divided ;  as,  '  Paul  the  apostle  ;'  '  The 
Emperor  Antoninus  wrote  an  excellent  book.' 

Question.  Why  are  not  the  nouns  separated  in  these 
examples  .' 

Rule  xii.  Simple  memhers  of  sentences,  connected  by 
comparatives,  are  for  the  most  part  distingai£hed  by  a 
tomma  ;  as,  '  j2s  the  hart  panteth  after  the  water  brooks, 
so  doth  my  soul  pant  aft(!r  thee  ;'  '  Better  is  a  dinner  of 
aerbs  with  love,  than  a  stalled  ox  and  hatred  therewith.' 

Qucs.ions.  What. simple  members  of  sentences  in  the 
examples  ?     By  what  comparatives  are  they  connected  .' 

RuuE  XIII.  IVhen  words  are  placed  in  opposition  to 
•»ich  other,  or  loith  some  marked  variety ^  they  require  to 
i«{  distinguished  hy  a  comma;  as, 

'  Tho'  deep, yet  clear;  tbo'  gentle,  yet  not  dullj 
Strong,  without  ra^e ;  without  o'erilowing,  full.' 

■'  (<ood  men,  in  this  frail,  imperfect  state,  are  often  ^burd, 
aot  only  in  union  with,  but  m  opposition  to,  the  vio^vs  and 
Conduct  of  one  another.' 

Sometimes,  when  the  word  with  irhich  the  last  prepofitian 
agrees  is  single,  it  is  better  to  omit  the  comma  before  it  : 
as,  '  Many  states  were  in  alliance  with,  and  under  the  prc> 
tection  of  Rome.' 

Questions.  What  words  are  placed  in  opposition  to  eacu 
'>ther  ?  What,  with  some  marked  variety  ?  Why  ie  ths 
eomiua  omitted  before  Uome  9 


PUNCTUATlOi^ 


J<>3 


composed  both  unier  the  tlf  .«r  '''"''/'^^^''f^"  ••  as,  '  lie  au. 
^ng,  bt  i  the  f.thcTr  ./  feis  people.'  •'^'   ""'  ""^^  ^^ 

uy  IS  tile  coiniiia  oiinttod  uller  u/? 

pi-i.io  In  Kay,  I  do  not  know"       Pi  f  '     "  '""■"•  ''  """'« 
vice  ul-  skves.'  '       ""'ii"l'  <;ttll»  Iv.ng,  tlia 


:^'"  wr;-  ^sy.tr/'"'"'""'-^^''  -^  -<■» 


ma 


th..  place  of  vir, uT-  '""'''  "'•'''  "'"'''  <=""  supply 

»/,'trf """    "'''^  '"»  ""'"'  "  «omma  before  n  ?  Why  ha. 


as,  'Self-denial  is  he  saoHfit  'r '?'  '^'""•'^  /''^ '^a/.a//.,/; 
'  A  man  who  is  of  a  dotr  u-tin?  ?  '  "^  h'"^^  '"^''^^  '"'"^i^e  ' 
'»<>st   innocent  word!   , In,    'f    •'""^'  '"'"  ""^^^-nstrue  thi 

latter  example,  tL  ater  1  n^noLT'  ''^^^"^"^•'  '"  ^^^ 
of '  a  man  w5»o  is  of  .  H.  A' 'l  ""^'/^.  '"'^'»  'i'  general/  but 
should  not  be  separated     '"^'  «P^"t,'and  th^ere fore 'the, 

Lo^t^esJ^L^^r  ^^"^^^  -^"^^  ^^-  the  pr. 

r'^ety,   warm    aro    miakc^e^^^^^^^ 

Bn-x^d  his  whole  cond  ct"     n  both  of   >''"     '"■''"^'  ^"**''- 
reiatrve  and  verb,  ^./a•.■A  i.  J"  ..  !lll}j!«««  ^^'•-"^Pl^B,  th« 

(.^estion     Why  are  th^  7."'  """— '^"• 
•Xi^  sentiment  ♦    •  ^^®  ^^min^^  inserted  aller  p,e<| 


104 


E  TOLISH    CIRAiVfltrAH 


Role  xvi.  ,1  nmple  memhrr  of  a  senttnre,  nmfatnea 
within  avothrr,  orfol/owfUif  unot/ur,  must  he  distimrmsh- 
ed  by  the  mmmn  ;  as,  '  To  improve  time,  whilst  we  are 
blesHed  with   health,    will   smooth    the  bed  ofsicknesa; 

*  Very  often,  wliiFe  we  ai-o  complainin;^  of  the  vanity,  axui 
tl  e  evils  of  human  life,  wo  make  that  vanity,  and  we  in 
crease  those  evils 

Questions.     In  the  first  example,  i««  a  simple  mcnil-^ 
Tentai.iod    within   another,    or   does   i     <bllow  another 
Kow,  in  the  next  example  ? 

If,  however,  the  memhcrs  succeeding  each  other  «rg  zier-^ 
elosehj  connected,  the  com  ma  is  unnecessary  ;  as,  '  Revela- 
tion tells  ua  how  we  !nay  attain  happiness.' 

Question.   Wh}  -s  the  conuna  unnecessary  in  this  exam 
lie? 

IVhen  a  verb  in  the  infinitive  mode  follows  its  govern 
ing  verb,  with  several  words  hetwem  them,  those  words 
should  generally  have  a  comma  at  the  end  of  them;   as, 

*  It  ill  becomes  ^ood  and  w'sc  men,  to  oj)po8e  and  decrrade 
one  another.'  " 

Questions.  What  verb  in  the  infinitive  mode,  in  thiP 
example  ?  Whai  is  its  governino  word  ?  What  wordh 
between  them ' 

Several  verbs  m  the  irfinitive  mode,  having  a  common  de- 
prndence,  and  .'ivcceeaing  one  another,  arc  also  dirided  by 
commas  ;  as,  '  To  relieve  the  indijrent,  to  conjfon,  Jie  at 
dieted,  to  protect  tlie  innocent,  to  reward  the  deservin*r  i» 

humane  and  noble  employment.' 

Questions.     How   many  verbs   in  the  infinitive  mode, 
uccceding  one  another,   in  the  example?      What  do  you 
nnderatand  by  their  having  a  common  dependence  ? 

Rule  xvii.  When  the  verb  to  be  is  followed  hu  a  r,nh 
ir.  the  infinitive  mode,  which,  by  tranajiosition.  mi^'ht  bt 
fmide  the  nominative  case  to  it,  the  former  it  gvhi-nll^ 
separated  from,  the  latter  verb  by  a  comma,  as,  'The 
.-Host  obvious  remedy  is,  to  v/ithdraw  from  all  associs.tiona 
with  bnd  men;'  'The  first  and  most  obvious  remedy 
R^ainsf  the  infection,  is,  to  withdraw  from  all  assoc'ationi 
with  bat  i;  ;;•;;.' 

^Mc.<r :?■'/;,•  What  verb  to  be,  in  ^ho  eyampl^i?  ?  By  what 
rerb,  ir*  Hio  infmitive  mode,  is  it  ^o'^owca  '  H>w  would 
vou  transpose  it  ^ 


PLNCTIATION. 


10« 


.-^L  r"n.  !^  :  "  r^  ''^  ^ir^urrstane.,   are  oj 

iaiiy  and  repeS*:!;^:;^!.::  ''^  vi:^r"ir  T\  '"^  '^ 

»^ardH  the  evenimr  r.f  lift.  ♦  "<-«»,  like  Blmdows,  \xy 

vtrtcd  ?      ""P"'"""-"       '"  "-l'":!'  '»  tlie  natural  ord«  i. 

»H.      rrurn  law  arises  sffiir  tv  •    fi., .  ■'■       "   -^         '* ' 

-"  "w'';/ "/-r™,,!);,"  z/Az^-  •'"•  '"»"• «?"'».  j!"<. 

mav  hoaltJ.e  di{Tor..nce  •    J       ♦  '  '  ^  fus  con  h,ct 

any  in  tufnre  ;'  '  F  ,"  /  /l  s     11      T"'^  '^^"f  a"tly  p.ovent 
olisn  i„stlv  said  •'in/;.  ""'-^  ^'^'f'^'^^  "^''•'^'  '^'-^^  I'^^'O 


Ai  wirtTi!^  ^/  tfie  fore 
re/rard  '  "  ■  ' 
projjoriio 


nn7ip  of  the  fore fToinsr  rules  and  examples    ^  ^at 


ey  bear  to  une  another. 


i06 


ENIillSi;    GRAMMAR. 


SEMICOLON, 

j^Tiei.  a  .pnger  pause  than  a  comma  U  reqtflrM 
Wid  yet  /he  sense  is  incomplete,  a  temicolon  oaay 
deused,  as,  *  The  wise  man  is  hiippy  whf?n  Ha 
trains  hia  own  approbation;  the  fool,  when  b§ 
|ftius  t^ie  appbuse  of  those  about  him.' 

fiues-'ott.     When  would  you  use  a  aemicolon  ? 


.COLON. 

n<  colon  is  used  to  divide  a  sentence  into  two 
Oi  iLore  parts,  less  connected  than  those  which 
a.e  separated  by  a  semicolon;  but  not  so' inde- 
pendent as  separate,  distinct  sentences. 

M^J^J^*  The  use  of  the  colon  appears  to  be  declinlnff. 
Many  late  writers  avoid  the  use  of  it  altoffether  Thev 
regard  it  as  a  point  of  indefinite  character,  taking  the 
place,  sometimes  of  the  semicolon,  and  sometimes  of  the 

»J^!!!  wt!  .u  *^''"?«^"«^"%'  perplexing  us  with  a  distinc 
tion  where  there  if  no  differe^ice. 


PERIOD, 


When  a  sentence  is  complete  and  independent, 
and  not  connected  in  construction  with  the  fol- 
lowing sentence,  it  is  marked  with  a  period 

'ome  sentences  are  independent  of  each  other,  both  i 


their  sense  and  constrixtion  ;  as,  '  Fear  God,  Honoui 
the  king  Have  charity  towards  all  men.'  Others  art 
Viaepevdent  only  m  their  gramviatical  construction  ;  a«, 

1113  bupr?nin  fiemg  changes  not,  either  in  his  desire  to 
gemote  our  happiness,  or  in  the  plan  of  his  administration 
Jiie  light  always  shines  upon  us  from  above.  Om^  clc«f 
and  direct  path  is  always  pointed  cu.^  to  man  ' 

The  periofl  slionld  be  used  after  every  abbreviated  word 
••,  *M.  S.       P.  S.       N.  R        Anna        v  a.  j».- 

<iuestion.    When  would  you  use  a  period' 


PARSING  TABLJ5. 


101 


PARSING  TABLE. 

Articles. 

mr^\A^  /*  ^^®  Indefinite  Article. 
^  THL  IS  thi  Definit,^  Article. 

^:'.t'u/ar   Aum/.dr,  because  it  expresses  but  one.  and  it 

/ /M7a/  ^vu,M/>.r,  t.ecause  it  expresses  more  than  on&  and  it 
makj>8  ser.se  wwh  /iro,  before  it  /as,  /j/,o .  ^      "*  " 

ma!fK^'       "^  '''  ^'""""''  "  ^^^I^^^««^^«  ^'^  object  of  the 
fe^^^M  ^''^^'''  ^"'""'^  ''  ''^''''''  ^»  «bj«<^t  of  the 

nefcaS:!rn^S^n^  ^^^'^^^"^  ^"  «^-^  -»^->»  - 
mSui;an>r'^^;L'""'"  '^  "^y  ^^  considen^d  either  a. 


Nominative,  m-a-n, 


Singular,   j  Possessive, 
Objective, 


m-a-n^  &s,* 
m-a-n, 


Plural 


■1 


m-e-n. 
m-e-rC  <&  «, 


is  a  Pronoun,  because  it  is  used  instead  of  a  noun 


/is  the  first  person, 
7Wm  is  lilt'  second, 
Sc,  she  or  t7  is  the  third, 


Singular. 


fVe  is  the  first  person, 
Ye  or  yoM  IS  the  second, 
Ther/  is  the  third. 


CNonimative,-  C  Nominative, - 

.   <  Possessive,  -        Plural.    ]  P(,ssessivcs  - 
r  Objective,  -  ^  Objective,  - 


It  is  found  in  the Person, 

— —  tkise. 


Number^  Gender, 


-—  is  an  Adjective,  because  it  expresses  the  nualitvof 

■id  because  ,t  makes  sense  with  the  ^ord  fhiTgl^ern  •  7i 
•—^thmg  i  and  ii  uiaRes  sense  with  pnotlier  noun  aftS-  a\  u 


Pos. 

It  ii  found  in  the 


Com. ^  Sup. 

Degree. 


•  1 1  spell  t^.  n«.a„  ,n  «arV  c.^e  ^ilin*?  ^bere  the  apostrophe  r««a« 


108 


PARSING    TABLE. 


-- —  J8  a  Verb,  because  it  signifies  to ,  and  bncans©  if 

makes  sense  with  on«  of  the  following  pronouns  before  it, 
namely,/—,  thou  -_,  he  —,  she  — ,  we  — ,  you  — ,  or  they  — 

Active,  because  the  A^rnt acts  upon  the  Object 

Renter,  because  the  Agent  ~  does  not  act  upon  an  object 
Passive,  because  there  is  something  done  to  the  Nomina' 


Present 


Imp. 


Perf.  Part. 


Regi  lar,  becaua?  the  Imperfect  Tense  and  Perfect  Participk 
Clid  m  ea.  ,  *^ 

Irregular,  because  the  In.perfeci  Tense  and  the  Perfect 
Participle  do  not  end  m  ed. 

Present  ^-,  Lnp. ,  Perf. ,  Pluper.  ,  First  Fat 

,  bee.  Fut. .. 

It   is  found  in  the  Mode, Tense, Persaru 

Number.  ^ 


is  an  Adverb  of 


fOf  Number  or  Ordtr,  <&c.  as  the  class  may  be.]* 


Z —  '*  *  Preposition,  because  it  connects  the  words 

and  — -and  shows  the  relation  between  them  ;  and  it  makec 
senae  with  one  of  the  following  Pronouns  after  it,  namely. 
me,  —  lu,  —  her,  —  him,  —  them.     ■ 


is  a  Conjunction,  because  it  connects 
words        i   and 


tile  two  <  or 

sentences 
Copulative,  because, 
or  because, 
Oi  SecauHo, 


and 


— 18  added  to  — 
—  upon  ihe  supposition  that  -- 
r^  .      ^.      .        .'  —  is  the  reason  why  — 


-,  which  follows  it. 


»^S^  S?.he7&  '"""^~  "  "''P'^  "«=  P"^"-  « 


^'^^■"'  •"»'■"«  »»"  "*«  *"vert«  lad  Ivuu  M  a.rae-  fv  cImu 


>Hcan8©  if 
before  it, 
r  they  — 
ject— -— 
J  object. 
Nomina' 


'articipk 

!  Perfect 

irst  Fat 

Person^ 


Y 


p(jg  — 

it  makfii 

mely, 


it- 


